Question

air pollution
clean air act
air pollution reduction in the united states and other countries primarily relies on laws that mandate lower emissions. in the united states, early air pollution laws included the 1963 clean air act, which used incentives and federal grants to encourage states to reduce air pollution collaboratively. this laid the groundwork for amendments to the clean air act, allowing it to adapt to shifting pollution trends.

in 1970, a revision identified critical pollutants that needed reduction. this led to the establishment of ambient air quality standards for these pollutants, using both primary and secondary standards for human health and environmental quality. these standards define maximum allowable levels for pollutants, and they require states to create state implementation plans for air pollution reduction. this shift marked a significant change as the federal government took a more active role in regulating air quality, mandating such plans to formalize an open plan for managing or preventing air pollution. this cooperative effort requires a joint approach to tackling air pollution, with the federal government and the states.

what are the two types of standards established for critical pollutants under the clean air act?

formal and causal standards

primary and secondary standards

city and county standards

urban and rural standards

Explanation:

From the text, it says "the establishment of ambient air quality standards for these pollutants, using both primary and secondary standards for human health and environmental quality". So the two types of standards are primary and secondary standards.

Answer:

B. primary and secondary standards