coach damien notices that some of his football players drink more water than others before friday night games. he is interested if the amount of water the students drink affects their endurance. one week before practice he has each student drink a bottle of water throughout the day. that afternoon, they run the bleachers and he records how many times each player can go up and back before stopping to catch their breath. the next week they do the same thing but drink 2 bottles of water beforehand. the third week they run the bleachers but drink a gallon of water beforehand. 1. independent variable: 2. dependent variable: 3. hypothesis: 4. control group: 5. experimental group: 6. constants: 7. possible threats to accuracy of results?

Question

Accepted Answer

### 1. Independent variable
# Brief Explanations:
The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated in an experiment. Here, the coach changes the amount of water the players drink (1 bottle, 2 bottles, 1 gallon), so the amount of water drunk is the independent variable.
# Answer:
Amount of water the players drink (1 bottle, 2 bottles, 1 gallon of water)

### 2. Dependent variable
# Brief Explanations:
The dependent variable is what is being measured or observed to see if it changes due to the independent variable. The coach records how many times players can run up and back the bleachers (endurance), so this is the dependent variable.
# Answer:
Number of times each player can run up and back the bleachers (endurance)

### 3. Hypothesis
# Brief Explanations:
A hypothesis is a testable prediction. Based on the coach's interest, we can predict that as the amount of water the football players drink increases, their endurance (number of bleacher runs) will also increase.
# Answer:
If the amount of water football players drink before running the bleachers increases, then their endurance (number of times they can run up and back) will increase.

### 4. Control group
# Brief Explanations:
The control group is the group that does not receive the experimental treatment (or in a within - subject design, the baseline condition). Here, the first week when players drink 1 bottle of water can be considered the control group as it is the initial condition before increasing water intake.
# Answer:
The football players when they drink 1 bottle of water throughout the day before running the bleachers (the first - week group)

### 5. Experimental group
# Brief Explanations:
The experimental groups are the groups that receive the experimental treatment (different from the control). The groups in the second week (drink 2 bottles) and the third week (drink 1 gallon) are the experimental groups as they have different water intake amounts than the control.
# Answer:
- The football players when they drink 2 bottles of water beforehand (second - week group)
- The football players when they drink 1 gallon of water beforehand (third - week group)

### 6. Constants
# Brief Explanations:
Constants are factors that are kept the same throughout the experiment to ensure a fair test. The activity (running the bleachers), the time of day (afternoon), and the group of players (same football players) are kept constant.
# Answer:
- The activity (running the bleachers up and back)
- The time of day (afternoon)
- The group of football players (same players throughout the experiment)

### 7. Possible threats to accuracy of results?
# Brief Explanations:
- Player fatigue: If players are more tired in later weeks (e.g., from other practices or games), it could affect their performance, not just water intake.
- Hydration level before the experiment: Players may have different baseline hydration levels that aren't accounted for, which could influence their endurance.
- Individual fitness levels: Some players may be naturally more fit, so their performance could be due to fitness rather than water intake.
- Weather conditions: If the weather (temperature, humidity) changes between weeks, it could affect how tired players get during the bleacher runs.
# Answer:
- Player fatigue (from other activities)
- Baseline hydration levels of players
- Individual fitness differences among players
- Changing weather conditions

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QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

1. Independent variable

Answer:

2. Dependent variable