translation
after the mrna has been transported to the ribosomes, it binds to either free floating ribosomes or ones attached to the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. the ribosomes used in translation are actually another type of rna called rrna (ribosomal). ribosomes begin to read the mrna sequence from the 5’ end to the 3’ end. to convert the mrna into protein, rrna is used to read the mrna sequence, 3 nucleotides (or one codon) at a time.

each time one codon, or 3 bases, are read, one trna arrives with the correct amino acid to add to the polymer. the “t” in trna stands for transfer rna since it is involved in the transfer and connection of amino acids. all amino acids are from the food you eat. proteins are broken down during digestion and the amino acids are used by the body.

on one end of the trna is an anticodon. it is named anticodon because it is complementary to the mrna strand. if the mrna reads ggc, the trna would read ccg. the other end of the trna contains the amino acid being brought to the ribosome.

because each anticodon codes for one of the 20 amino acids, the order of the letters is extremely important. if there are any errors (or mutations), it can cause the wrong amino acid to be added. as the next amino acid arrives, they form a peptide bond linking the monomers together. the linking of the monomers together form a polymer, a protein.

1. what structure connect to the mrna strand?
2. what is the product of translation?
3. does translation occur in the nucleus?
4. what is the job or role of the trna?
5. what is a codon?
6. using the chart to the right, what amino acid has the mrna code ucg?
7. use the chart and mrna strand to build the protein below.

mrna: aug aac auc cuu gag uaa
protein:

Question

translation
after the mrna has been transported to the ribosomes, it binds to either free floating ribosomes or ones attached to the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. the ribosomes used in translation are actually another type of rna called rrna (ribosomal). ribosomes begin to read the mrna sequence from the 5’ end to the 3’ end. to convert the mrna into protein, rrna is used to read the mrna sequence, 3 nucleotides (or one codon) at a time.

each time one codon, or 3 bases, are read, one trna arrives with the correct amino acid to add to the polymer. the “t” in trna stands for transfer rna since it is involved in the transfer and connection of amino acids. all amino acids are from the food you eat. proteins are broken down during digestion and the amino acids are used by the body.

on one end of the trna is an anticodon. it is named anticodon because it is complementary to the mrna strand. if the mrna reads ggc, the trna would read ccg. the other end of the trna contains the amino acid being brought to the ribosome.

because each anticodon codes for one of the 20 amino acids, the order of the letters is extremely important. if there are any errors (or mutations), it can cause the wrong amino acid to be added. as the next amino acid arrives, they form a peptide bond linking the monomers together. the linking of the monomers together form a polymer, a protein.

1. what structure connect to the mrna strand?
2. what is the product of translation?
3. does translation occur in the nucleus?
4. what is the job or role of the trna?
5. what is a codon?
6. using the chart to the right, what amino acid has the mrna code ucg?
7. use the chart and mrna strand to build the protein below.

mrna: aug aac auc cuu gag uaa
protein:

Accepted Answer

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
From the text, it says "Each time one codon, or 3 bases, are read, one tRNA arrives... On one end of the tRNA is an anticodon... complementary to the mRNA strand" and also ribosomes (with rRNA) bind to mRNA. But the structure that connects (via anticodon - codon pairing) is tRNA (and ribosomes bind too, but tRNA connects by anticodon to mRNA codon). However, the main structure connecting to mRNA strand (via reading and binding) is the ribosome (with rRNA) and tRNA. But from the text, "Ribosomes begin to read the mRNA sequence... tRNA arrives with the correct amino acid... On one end of the tRNA is an anticodon... complementary to the mRNA strand". So the tRNA (via anticodon) connects to the mRNA strand, and ribosomes also bind to mRNA. But the question is "what structure connect to the mRNA strand" – the tRNA (with anticodon) and ribosome. But from the text, the ribosome (with rRNA) binds to mRNA, and tRNA connects via anticodon. But the most direct connection (base - pairing) is tRNA's anticodon to mRNA's codon. However, the ribosome is also bound to mRNA. But the text says "it (mRNA) binds to either free floating ribosomes or ones attached... Ribosomes begin to read... tRNA arrives... anticodon... complementary to the mRNA strand". So the structures that connect to mRNA strand are the ribosome (and its rRNA) and tRNA (via anticodon). But the primary structure that connects (by base - pairing) is tRNA (anticodon) and the ribosome (binds to mRNA to read it). But the answer is likely tRNA (because of the anticodon - codon pairing) or ribosome. Wait, the text: "Ribosomes begin to read the mRNA sequence from the 5’ end to the 3’ end. To convert the mRNA into protein, rRNA is used to read the mRNA sequence, 3 nucleotides (or one codon) at a time. Each time one codon... one tRNA arrives... anticodon... complementary to the mRNA strand." So the ribosome (with rRNA) binds to mRNA, and tRNA connects to mRNA via anticodon. So the structure that connects to mRNA strand is the tRNA (via anticodon) and the ribosome. But the question is "what structure connect to the mRNA strand" – the answer is tRNA (because it has the anticodon that pairs with mRNA codon) and ribosome. But from the text, the ribosome binds to mRNA, and tRNA connects to mRNA's codon. So the answer is tRNA (and ribosome, but tRNA is the one with the anticodon that connects via base - pairing). Wait, the question is "What structure connect to the mRNA strand?" So the tRNA (with its anticodon) connects to the mRNA strand (by base - pairing with the codon), and the ribosome also binds to the mRNA strand to read it. But the text says "it (mRNA) binds to either free floating ribosomes or ones attached...", so ribosomes bind to mRNA. And tRNA connects to mRNA via anticodon. So the structures are ribosome (and its rRNA) and tRNA. But the answer is likely tRNA (because of the anticodon - codon interaction) or ribosome. But let's check the text again: "On one end of the tRNA is an anticodon. It is named anticodon because it is complementary to the mRNA strand." So the tRNA connects to the mRNA strand via its anticodon. Also, the ribosome binds to the mRNA strand. But the question is "what structure connect to the mRNA strand" – the answer is tRNA (and ribosome, but tRNA is the one with the anticodon that pairs with mRNA). So the answer is tRNA (or ribosome, but tRNA is the one that connects via base - pairing).

# Answer:
The tRNA (via its anticodon, which is complementary to the mRNA strand) and the ribosome (which binds to the mRNA strand to read its sequence) connect to the mRNA strand. (Primarily, tRNA connects via anticodon - codon base - pairing, and ribosome binds to mRNA to facilitate translation.)

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
The text says "To convert the mRNA into protein... The linking of the monomers together form a polymer, a protein." Also, "As the next amino acid arrives, they form a peptide bond linking the monomers together. The linking of the monomers together form a polymer, a protein." So the product of translation is a protein (or a polypeptide chain, which folds into a protein).

# Answer:
The product of translation is a protein (a polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, also called a polypeptide chain).

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
The text says "After the mRNA has been transported to the ribosomes...", and ribosomes are in the cytoplasm (free - floating or on rough ER). The nucleus is where transcription (DNA to mRNA) occurs, while translation occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm (or on rough ER). So translation does not occur in the nucleus.

# Answer:
No, translation does not occur in the nucleus. Translation occurs at ribosomes, which are located in the cytoplasm (either free - floating or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum), while the nucleus is the site of transcription (synthesis of mRNA from DNA).

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
The text says "The 't' in tRNA stands for transfer RNA since it is involved in the transfer and connection of amino acids. Each time one codon... one tRNA arrives with the correct amino acid to add to the polymer." Also, "On one end of the tRNA is an anticodon... complementary to the mRNA strand. The other end of the tRNA contains the amino acid being brought to the ribosome." So tRNA's role is to transfer (bring) the correct amino acid to the ribosome, where the amino acid is added to the growing protein chain. The anticodon of tRNA pairs with the codon of mRNA to ensure the correct amino acid is added.

# Answer:
The job of tRNA (transfer RNA) is to transfer (bring) the correct amino acid to the ribosome. It does this by having an anticodon on one end that is complementary to the mRNA's codon (ensuring the right amino acid is matched) and the amino acid on the other end, which is then added to the growing protein chain.

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
The text says "To convert the mRNA into protein, rRNA is used to read the mRNA sequence, 3 nucleotides (or one codon) at a time. Each time one codon, or 3 bases, are read, one tRNA arrives..." So a codon is a sequence of 3 nucleotides (bases) on the mRNA strand that codes for a specific amino acid (or a stop signal).

# Answer:
A codon is a sequence of 3 nucleotides (or 3 bases) on the mRNA strand that is read during translation. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid (or a stop signal) and is complementary to the anticodon of a tRNA.

### Question 6
# Step - by - Step Format:
## Step1: Identify the codon and the chart structure
The mRNA code is UCG. The codon chart has three letters: first, second, and third (last) letter. The first letter is U, the second is C, the third is G.

## Step2: Locate the first letter (U) row
Find the row where the first letter is U.

## Step3: Locate the second letter (C) column
In the U row, find the column where the second letter is C.

## Step4: Locate the third letter (G)
In the sub - section of U row and C column, find the cell where the third letter is G. Looking at the chart:
- First letter U, second letter C: the column for second letter C in U row. Then third letter G: looking at the chart, under U (first), C (second), the third letter G: the amino acid is serine? Wait, let's check the chart. Wait the chart:

First Letter | Second Letter | | | | Third Letter
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
| U | C | A | G | |
U | phenylalanine | serine | tyrosine | cysteine | U
| phenylalanine | serine | tyrosine | cysteine | C
| leucine | serine | stop | stop | A
| leucine | serine | stop | tryptophan | G
C | leucine | proline | histidine | arginine | U
| leucine | proline | histidine | arginine | C
| leucine | proline | glutamine | arginine | A
| leucine | proline | glutamine | arginine | G
A | isoleucine | threonine | asparagine | serine | U
| isoleucine | threonine | asparagine | serine | C
| isoleucine | threonine | lysine | arginine | A
| (start) methionine | threonine | lysine | arginine | G
G | valine | alanine | aspartate | glycine | U
| valine | alanine | aspartate | glycine | C
| valine | alanine | glutamate | glycine | A
| valine | alanine | glutamate | glycine | G

Wait, the mRNA code is UCG. So first letter U, second letter C, third letter G.

Looking at the U row (first letter U), second letter C column. Then third letter G: in the U row, second letter C, third letter G: the cell is "serine"? Wait no, in the U row, second letter C: the entries are serine (for U and C, third letter U), serine (third letter C), serine (third letter A), serine (third letter G)? Wait no, looking at the U row:

First letter U, second letter U: phenylalanine (U), phenylalanine (C), leucine (A), leucine (G)

First letter U, second letter C: serine (U), serine (C), serine (A), serine (G)

Ah, yes! So for U (first), C (second), G (third): the amino acid is serine.

# Answer:
The amino acid for mRNA code UCG is serine.

### Question 7
# Step - by - Step Format:
## Step1: Break the mRNA into codons
The mRNA strand is AUG AAC AUC CUU GAG UAA. So the codons are: AUG, AAC, AUC, CUU, GAG, UAA.

## Step2: Identify each codon's amino acid using the chart
- AUG: First letter A, second letter U, third letter G. From the chart, A (first), U (second), G (third): (start) methionine (also called methionine, the start codon).
- AAC: First letter A, second letter A, third letter C. Wait, first letter A, second letter A? Wait no, AAC: first letter A, second letter A? Wait no, AAC is A (first), A (second), C (third)? Wait no, AAC: A - A - C. Wait the chart: first letter A, second letter A? Wait no, the second letter columns are U, C, A, G. Wait AAC: first letter A, second letter A? Wait no, the second letter is A? Wait the mRNA codon is AAC: positions 1: A, 2: A, 3: C? Wait no, the chart's second letter columns are U, C, A, G. So for AAC: first letter A, second letter A (column A), third letter C.

Looking at the chart, first letter A, second letter A, third letter C: isoleucine? No, wait first letter A, second letter A: the row for first letter A, column second letter A. Then third letter C: let's check the chart again.

Wait the chart:

First letter A:

- Second letter U: isoleucine (U), isoleucine (C), isoleucine (A), (start) methionine (G)
- Second letter C: threonine (U), threonine (C), threonine (A), threonine (G)
- Second letter A: asparagine (U), asparagine (C), lysine (A), lysine (G)
- Second letter G: serine (U), serine (C), arginine (A), arginine (G)

Wait AAC: first letter A, second letter A, third letter C. So second letter A column, first letter A row. Third letter C: asparagine (since in A row, A column, U: asparagine, C: asparagine, A: lysine, G: lysine). So AAC codes for asparagine.

- AUC: first letter A, second letter U, third letter C. A row, U column, C third letter: isoleucine (A row, U column, U: isoleucine, C: isoleucine, A: isoleucine, G: methionine). So AUC codes for isoleucine.

- CUU: first letter C, second letter U, third letter U. C row, U column, U third letter: leucine (C row, U column, U: leucine, C: leucine, A: leucine, G: leucine). So CUU codes for leucine.

- GAG: first letter G, second letter A, third letter G. G row, A column, G third letter: glutamate (G row, A column, U: aspartate, C: aspartate, A: glutamate, G: glutamate). So GAG codes for glutamate.

- UAA: first letter U, second letter A, third letter A. U row, A column, A third letter: stop (U row, A column, U: tyrosine, C: tyrosine, A: stop, G: stop). So UAA is a stop codon, so translation stops here.

## Step3: Combine the amino acids (excluding stop codon)
So the codons and their amino acids:

AUG: methionine (Met)

AAC: asparagine (Asn)

AUC: isoleucine (Ile)

CUU: leucine (Leu)

GAG: glutamate (Glu)

UAA: stop (no amino acid added)

So the protein (polypeptide chain) is Met - Asn - Ile - Leu - Glu.

# Answer:
The protein (polypeptide chain) is methionine - asparagine - isoleucine - leucine - glutamate (Met - Asn - Ile - Leu - Glu).

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