Question

1. what is the process by which reinforcement is used to guide a behavior closer and closer to a desired behavior? a) shaping b) chaining c) generalization d) discrimination 11. in classical conditioning, what term describes a stimulus that initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention? (bell) a) conditioned stimulus (cs) b) unconditioned stimulus (us) c) neutral stimulus (ns) d) conditioned response (cr) 12. what is the effect of a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring? a) positive reinforcement b) negative reinforcement c) punishment d) extinction 13. which psychologist is known for the \little albert\ experiment demonstrating conditioned emotional responses? a) b.f. skinner b) ivan pavlov c) john watson d) albert bandura 14. what is the term for learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it? a) latent learning b) insight learning c) observational learning d) classical conditioning 15. in operant conditioning, what is the term for a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement? (you can tell the difference!) a) discriminative stimulus b) unconditioned stimulus c) conditioned stimulus d) neutral stimulus

Explanation:

1. Shaping involves using reinforcement to gradually guide a behavior towards a desired one.
2. A neutral stimulus initially elicits no specific response other than attention - getting in classical conditioning.
3. Punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
4. John Watson conducted the "Little Albert" experiment on conditioned emotional responses.
5. Latent learning is learning that occurs but isn't shown until there's an incentive.
6. In operant conditioning, a discriminative stimulus signals the availability of reinforcement.

Answer:

1. a) Shaping
2. c) Neutral stimulus (NS)
3. c) Punishment
4. c) John Watson
5. a) Latent learning
6. a) Discriminative stimulus