Question

5.2.2 the arrows in the diagram above show the path of the sound waves follow the direction of the arrows to describe the process of hearing until the stimulus reaches the brain

5.3 complete the table below on balance
type of balance | part of the ear | receptor | function of receptor | transmission of impulses | part of brain | action
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

ampullae (base of semi - circular canals)			auditory nerve transmits nerve impulses
maculae

change in position of the head | | | | | |
(7)

Explanation:

To solve this table on balance (related to the ear and balance mechanisms, a topic in Biology under Natural Science), we analyze each row based on knowledge of the vestibular system (for balance) and auditory/balance receptors:

Row 1: "Anterior part of semi - circular canals" (Type of balance: Dynamic balance/rotational balance)

Step 1: Receptor

The receptor in the semi - circular canals (anterior, posterior, lateral) is the crista ampullaris (part of the ampulla at the end of each semi - circular canal).

Step 2: Function of receptor

The crista ampullaris detects rotational (angular) movements of the head (when the head rotates, the endolymph in the semi - circular canals moves, stimulating the crista ampullaris).

Step 3: Transmission of impulses

Impulses from the crista ampullaris are transmitted via the vestibular nerve (part of the vestibulocochlear nerve, VIII cranial nerve).

Step 4: Part of brain

The impulses are sent to the cerebellum (and also the vestibular nucleus in the brainstem) for processing balance information.

Step 5: Action

The action is to maintain dynamic balance (stabilize the body during rotational movements like turning the head, spinning, etc.) and help with posture adjustment during such movements.

Row 2: "Maculae" (Type of balance: Static balance/linear acceleration + head position relative to gravity)

Step 1: Part of the ear

Maculae are located in the utricle and saccule (parts of the vestibule in the inner ear).

Step 2: Function of receptor

Maculae detect static equilibrium (head position relative to gravity, like standing upright vs. tilting) and linear acceleration (e.g., moving forward/backward in a straight line). They have otoliths (calcium carbonate crystals) that shift with gravity or linear motion, stimulating hair cells.

Step 3: Transmission of impulses

Impulses from maculae are also transmitted via the vestibular nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve, VIII cranial nerve).

Step 4: Part of brain

Impulses are sent to the cerebellum (and vestibular nucleus) for processing.

Step 5: Action

The action is to maintain static balance (posture when stationary or moving linearly) and coordinate with other sensory inputs (like vision, proprioception) to keep the body upright.

Filling the Table (Summarized):

Type of balance	Part of the ear	Receptor	Function of receptor	Transmission of Impulses	Part of brain	Action
Static (Linear/Postural) Balance	Utricle, Saccule (Vestibule)	Maculae	Detect static equilibrium (gravity - related head position) and linear acceleration	Vestibular nerve	Cerebellum	Maintain static balance (postural/linear)

(Note: For the "Change in position of the head" row, it aligns with the static/dynamic balance functions of maculae and crista ampullaris, as head position changes involve both static (e.g., tilting) and dynamic (e.g., turning) components.)

Answer:

To solve this table on balance (related to the ear and balance mechanisms, a topic in Biology under Natural Science), we analyze each row based on knowledge of the vestibular system (for balance) and auditory/balance receptors:

Row 1: "Anterior part of semi - circular canals" (Type of balance: Dynamic balance/rotational balance)

Step 1: Receptor

The receptor in the semi - circular canals (anterior, posterior, lateral) is the crista ampullaris (part of the ampulla at the end of each semi - circular canal).

Step 2: Function of receptor

The crista ampullaris detects rotational (angular) movements of the head (when the head rotates, the endolymph in the semi - circular canals moves, stimulating the crista ampullaris).

Step 3: Transmission of impulses

Impulses from the crista ampullaris are transmitted via the vestibular nerve (part of the vestibulocochlear nerve, VIII cranial nerve).

Step 4: Part of brain

The impulses are sent to the cerebellum (and also the vestibular nucleus in the brainstem) for processing balance information.

Step 5: Action

The action is to maintain dynamic balance (stabilize the body during rotational movements like turning the head, spinning, etc.) and help with posture adjustment during such movements.

Row 2: "Maculae" (Type of balance: Static balance/linear acceleration + head position relative to gravity)

Step 1: Part of the ear

Maculae are located in the utricle and saccule (parts of the vestibule in the inner ear).

Step 2: Function of receptor

Maculae detect static equilibrium (head position relative to gravity, like standing upright vs. tilting) and linear acceleration (e.g., moving forward/backward in a straight line). They have otoliths (calcium carbonate crystals) that shift with gravity or linear motion, stimulating hair cells.

Step 3: Transmission of impulses

Impulses from maculae are also transmitted via the vestibular nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve, VIII cranial nerve).

Step 4: Part of brain

Impulses are sent to the cerebellum (and vestibular nucleus) for processing.

Step 5: Action

The action is to maintain static balance (posture when stationary or moving linearly) and coordinate with other sensory inputs (like vision, proprioception) to keep the body upright.

Filling the Table (Summarized):

Type of balance	Part of the ear	Receptor	Function of receptor	Transmission of Impulses	Part of brain	Action
Static (Linear/Postural) Balance	Utricle, Saccule (Vestibule)	Maculae	Detect static equilibrium (gravity - related head position) and linear acceleration	Vestibular nerve	Cerebellum	Maintain static balance (postural/linear)

(Note: For the "Change in position of the head" row, it aligns with the static/dynamic balance functions of maculae and crista ampullaris, as head position changes involve both static (e.g., tilting) and dynamic (e.g., turning) components.)