Question

ecological succession includes which of the following? primary and secondary succession; primary and post - secondary succession; secondary and post - primary succession; primary and post - primary succession

Explanation:

Ecological succession has two main types: primary succession (occurs on newly formed or barren land with no soil, like after a volcanic eruption) and secondary succession (occurs in areas where a disturbance has destroyed an ecosystem but soil and some organisms remain, like after a forest fire). The option "Primary and secondary succession" correctly identifies the two main types of ecological succession. The other options have incorrect or non - standard terms (post - primary, post - secondary are not standard terms for ecological succession types).

Answer:

A. Primary and secondary succession (assuming the first option is labeled A, adjust the label as per the actual question's option numbering if different)