Question

ral kinds of learning, from simple to complex. state whether each of the scribes an instance of habituation, imprinting, spatial learning, cognitive associative learning, social learning, or problem solving. some examples are dules; others are new, but you can figure them out.

1. a bird pecks at a caterpillar and gets a beakful of stinging hairs. after a couple of such experiences, the bird leaves this kind of caterpillar alone.
2. a salmon is found stuck in a pipe, trying to return to a hatchery pond.
3. during a sensitive period following hatching, gulls learn to identify their own young and keep them separate from the chicks in nearby nests.
4. if you tap on the glass of its aquarium, a hermit crab will at first withdraw into its shell. after a few taps, it no longer responds.
5. a bird called a gray jay buries food in hundreds of locations, then months later returns unerringly to dig it up and eat it.
6. a chimp learns to reach bananas by either hitting them with a stick or stacking up boxes. when the bananas are placed too high for either the stick or the stacked boxes, the chimp uses both the boxes and the stick.
7. if a bird does not hear its species’ song shortly after hatching, it will not be able to sing it later.
8. a dolphin learns the commands “throw ball” and “retrieve ring.” the first time the trainer says, “retrieve ball,” the dolphin does it correctly.
9. a monarch butterfly hatches and grows up in ohio, then finds its way alone to wintering grounds in mexico.
10. a cat learns to come running into the kitchen when it hears the can opener.
11. a monkey washes dirt from his food. other monkeys observe this and start washing their food, too.
12. at first, young ground squirrels dash into their burrows at any unusual sight or sound. later they learn to run only from real danger.
13. shortly after hatching, ducklings on a farm learned to follow a tractor.
14. bees circle before going out foraging and remember landmarks to find their way back to the hive.
15. young vervet monkeys see and hear their parents give a warning call when they see a snake. the next time a snake appears, the young monkeys give the warning call, too.

se 4 (modules 35.2–35.11)
you better understand innate and learned behaviors, sketch a concept map on a sheet of paper. constructing a concept map is discussed in chapter 3, exercise 10.

Explanation:

Question 1

The bird learns to avoid the caterpillar after negative experiences, which is associative learning (associating the caterpillar with pain from stinging hairs).

The salmon is trying to navigate back, using spatial memory/learning to find the hatchery pond.

Gulls learn to identify their young during a sensitive post - hatching period, which is imprinting (learning during a critical period).

Answer:

Associative learning

Question 2