Question

succession occurs on which type of landscape? options: bare rock, volcanic rock, climax community, fertile open soil

Explanation:

Primary succession starts on newly formed, barren landscapes with no soil or organic matter, like volcanic rock (formed from volcanic activity, lacking soil). Bare rock, climax community, and fertile open soil are not primary succession starting points (bare rock is similar but volcanic rock is a classic primary succession substrate; climax is a stable end, fertile soil has organic matter for secondary succession).

Answer:

Volcanic rock (the option corresponding to "Volcanic rock")