51. explain the difference between a temporary dipole and a permanent dipole.\n52. why are dispersion forces…

51. explain the difference between a temporary dipole and a permanent dipole.\n52. why are dispersion forces weaker than dipole - dipole forces?\n53. explain why hydrogen bonds are stronger than most dipole - dipole forces.\n54. distinguish intramolecular from intermolecular forces.\n55. hypothesize why long, nonpolar molecules would interact more strongly with one another than spherical nonpolar molecules of similar composition.

51. explain the difference between a temporary dipole and a permanent dipole.\n52. why are dispersion forces weaker than dipole - dipole forces?\n53. explain why hydrogen bonds are stronger than most dipole - dipole forces.\n54. distinguish intramolecular from intermolecular forces.\n55. hypothesize why long, nonpolar molecules would interact more strongly with one another than spherical nonpolar molecules of similar composition.

Answer

Brief Explanations:

51.

A temporary dipole occurs due to momentary electron - cloud distortion in non - polar molecules. A permanent dipole exists in polar molecules because of unequal electronegativity between atoms, creating a permanent charge separation.

52.

Dispersion forces are due to temporary dipoles. Dipole - dipole forces are between permanent dipoles. Permanent dipoles have a more stable and stronger charge separation, making dipole - dipole forces stronger.

53.

Hydrogen bonds involve a highly electronegative atom (N, O, F) bonded to hydrogen. The large electronegativity difference creates a very strong dipole. Also, the small size of hydrogen allows for closer approach, enhancing the force strength compared to most dipole - dipole forces.

54.

Intramolecular forces are the strong bonds (covalent, ionic) that hold atoms together within a molecule. Intermolecular forces are the weaker attractions between different molecules.

55.

Long non - polar molecules have a larger surface area for contact between molecules. More surface area means more opportunities for temporary dipoles to interact, resulting in stronger dispersion forces compared to spherical non - polar molecules of similar composition which have less surface area for interaction.

Answer:

  1. Temporary dipole: due to momentary electron - cloud distortion in non - polar molecules; Permanent dipole: exists in polar molecules from unequal electronegativity.
  2. Dispersion from temporary dipoles, dipole - dipole from permanent dipoles; permanent dipoles have stronger charge separation.
  3. Large electronegativity difference and small hydrogen size in hydrogen bonds create stronger dipoles and closer approach.
  4. Intramolecular: bonds within a molecule; Intermolecular: attractions between molecules.
  5. Long non - polar molecules have larger surface area for more temporary dipole interactions.