there are three ways to indicate the arrangement of electrons around an atom: 1. orbital filling diagram…
there are three ways to indicate the arrangement of electrons around an atom: 1. orbital filling diagram (gives the most information) ex. o2 1s: ↑↓, 2s: ↑↓, 2p: ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 2. electron configuration (quicker to draw than orbital filling diagrams) ex. o2 1s²2s²2p⁴ 3. electron dot shows only the valence (outer energy level) electrons ex. calcium atom ·ca· ii. procedures: 1. write orbital filling diagrams, electron configurations, and electron dot diagrams for the following elements. a. boron e. iodine b. silicon f. rubidium c. sulfur g. chromium d. calcium h. gallium iii. results: table: element orbital filling diagram configuration noble gas electron dot diagram a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
Answer
Explanation:
Step1: Recall electron - filling rules
Use the Aufbau principle, Pauli - exclusion principle, and Hund's rule to fill orbitals.
Step2: Determine atomic numbers
Boron (B) has atomic number 5, Silicon (Si) has atomic number 14, Sulfur (S) has atomic number 16, Calcium (Ca) has atomic number 20, Iodine (I) has atomic number 53, Rubidium (Rb) has atomic number 37, Chromium (Cr) has atomic number 24, Gallium (Ga) has atomic number 31.
Step3: Write orbital - filling diagrams
- Boron: $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{1s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2s}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{2p_x}$, $\frac{}{2p_y}$, $\frac{}{2p_z}$
- Silicon: $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{1s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_y}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_z}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3s}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{3p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{3p_y}$, $\frac{}{3p_z}$
- Sulfur: $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{1s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_y}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_z}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{3p_y}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{3p_z}$
- Calcium: $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{1s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_y}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_z}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3p_y}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3p_z}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{4s}$
- Iodine: $[Kr]\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{5s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{4d^{10}}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{5p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{5p_y}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{5p_z}$
- Rubidium: $[Kr]\frac{\uparrow}{5s}$
- Chromium: $[Ar]\frac{\uparrow}{4s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow}{3d}$
- Gallium: $[Ar]\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{4s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3d^{10}}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{4p_x}$, $\frac{}{4p_y}$, $\frac{}{4p_z}$
Step4: Write electron configurations
- Boron: $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{1}$
- Silicon: $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{2}$
- Sulfur: $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{4}$
- Calcium: $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}$
- Iodine: $[Kr]5s^{2}4d^{10}5p^{5}$
- Rubidium: $[Kr]5s^{1}$
- Chromium: $[Ar]4s^{1}3d^{5}$
- Gallium: $[Ar]4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{1}$
Step5: Write electron - dot diagrams
- Boron: $\cdot B\cdot$
- Silicon: $\cdot Si\cdot$ with 4 dots around
- Sulfur: $\cdot S\cdot$ with 6 dots around
- Calcium: $\cdot Ca\cdot$
- Iodine: $\cdot I\cdot$ with 7 dots around
- Rubidium: $\cdot Rb\cdot$
- Chromium: $\cdot Cr\cdot$ with 6 dots around
- Gallium: $\cdot Ga\cdot$ with 3 dots around
Answer:
| Element | Orbital Filling Diagram | Electron Configuration | Electron Dot Diagram |
|---|---|---|---|
| a. Boron | $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{1s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2s}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{2p_x}$, $\frac{}{2p_y}$, $\frac{}{2p_z}$ | $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{1}$ | $\cdot B\cdot$ |
| b. Silicon | $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{1s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_y}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_z}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3s}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{3p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{3p_y}$, $\frac{}{3p_z}$ | $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{2}$ | $\cdot Si\cdot$ with 4 dots around |
| c. Sulfur | $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{1s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_y}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_z}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{3p_y}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{3p_z}$ | $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{4}$ | $\cdot S\cdot$ with 6 dots around |
| d. Calcium | $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{1s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_y}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2p_z}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3p_y}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3p_z}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{4s}$ | $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}$ | $\cdot Ca\cdot$ |
| e. Iodine | $[Kr]\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{5s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{4d^{10}}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{5p_x}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{5p_y}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{5p_z}$ | $[Kr]5s^{2}4d^{10}5p^{5}$ | $\cdot I\cdot$ with 7 dots around |
| f. Rubidium | $[Kr]\frac{\uparrow}{5s}$ | $[Kr]5s^{1}$ | $\cdot Rb\cdot$ |
| g. Chromium | $[Ar]\frac{\uparrow}{4s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow}{3d}$ | $[Ar]4s^{1}3d^{5}$ | $\cdot Cr\cdot$ with 6 dots around |
| h. Gallium | $[Ar]\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{4s}$, $\frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{3d^{10}}$, $\frac{\uparrow}{4p_x}$, $\frac{}{4p_y}$, $\frac{}{4p_z}$ | $[Ar]4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{1}$ | $\cdot Ga\cdot$ with 3 dots around |