1. write the electron configuration, orbital filling diagram, noble gas configuration, valence electrons…

1. write the electron configuration, orbital filling diagram, noble gas configuration, valence electrons, and dot diagram for nickel.\n2. arrange the elements in order of increasing number of valence electrons: os, s, cs, bi, cl, in, rn, c\n3. lead has 3 isotopes: lead - 206, lead - 207, and lead - 208. based on the average atomic mass, which isotope should be more abundant and why?\n4. put the following elements in order of decreasing ionization energy and explain why: os, at, fe, ca\n5. in which of the following sets is the symbol of the element, the number of protons, and the number of electrons given correctly?\na) zn, 30 protons, 60 electrons\nb) cs, 55 protons, 132.9 electrons\nc) f, 19 protons, 19 electrons\nd) in, 49 protons, 49 electrons

1. write the electron configuration, orbital filling diagram, noble gas configuration, valence electrons, and dot diagram for nickel.\n2. arrange the elements in order of increasing number of valence electrons: os, s, cs, bi, cl, in, rn, c\n3. lead has 3 isotopes: lead - 206, lead - 207, and lead - 208. based on the average atomic mass, which isotope should be more abundant and why?\n4. put the following elements in order of decreasing ionization energy and explain why: os, at, fe, ca\n5. in which of the following sets is the symbol of the element, the number of protons, and the number of electrons given correctly?\na) zn, 30 protons, 60 electrons\nb) cs, 55 protons, 132.9 electrons\nc) f, 19 protons, 19 electrons\nd) in, 49 protons, 49 electrons

Answer

Explanation:

Step1: Nickel (Ni) has atomic number 28

Electron - configuration: $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{8}4s^{2}$ Orbital - filling diagram: 1s: ↑↓ 2s: ↑↓ 2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ 3s: ↑↓ 3p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ 3d: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 4s: ↑↓ Noble - gas configuration: $[Ar]3d^{8}4s^{2}$ Valence electrons: 10 (8 in 3d and 2 in 4s) Dot - diagram: Place 10 dots around the symbol Ni.

Step2: Determine valence electrons of elements

Os (Osmium, atomic number 76) has 8 valence electrons. S (Sulfur, atomic number 16) has 6 valence electrons. Cs (Cesium, atomic number 55) has 1 valence electron. Bi (Bismuth, atomic number 83) has 5 valence electrons. Cl (Chlorine, atomic number 17) has 7 valence electrons. In (Indium, atomic number 49) has 3 valence electrons. Rn (Radon, atomic number 86) has 8 valence electrons. C (Carbon, atomic number 6) has 4 valence electrons. Increasing order: Cs, C, Bi, S, Cl, Os, Rn

Step3: Analyze lead isotopes

The average atomic mass of lead is approximately 207.2. Since 207.2 is closest to the mass of lead - 207, lead - 207 should be more abundant.

Step4: Arrange elements by ionization energy

Ionization energy generally increases across a period and decreases down a group. At (Astatine, atomic number 85) is in Group 17, Os (Osmium, atomic number 76) is in Group 8, Fe (Iron, atomic number 26) is in Group 8, and Ca (Calcium, atomic number 20) is in Group 2. Decreasing order of ionization energy: Os > At > Fe > Ca. Os is a transition metal with a relatively high effective nuclear charge. At is a halogen with a high electronegativity. Fe is also a transition metal but with a lower effective nuclear charge compared to Os. Ca is an alkaline - earth metal with a larger atomic radius and lower effective nuclear charge, so it has the lowest ionization energy among them.

Step5: Check element - proton - electron data

For a neutral atom, the number of protons = number of electrons. a) Zn has 30 protons and 30 electrons (not 60), so it's incorrect. b) Cs has 55 protons and 55 electrons (not 132.9), so it's incorrect. c) F has 9 protons and 9 electrons (not 19), so it's incorrect. d) In has 49 protons and 49 electrons, so it's correct.

Answer:

  1. Electron - configuration: $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{8}4s^{2}$, Orbital - filling diagram: 1s: ↑↓, 2s: ↑↓, 2p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓, 3s: ↑↓, 3p: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓, 3d: ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑, 4s: ↑↓, Noble - gas configuration: $[Ar]3d^{8}4s^{2}$, Valence electrons: 10, Dot - diagram: 10 dots around Ni
  2. Cs, C, Bi, S, Cl, Os, Rn
  3. Lead - 207 should be more abundant because the average atomic mass of lead (207.2) is closest to its mass.
  4. Os > At > Fe > Ca
  5. d) In, 49 protons, 49 electrons