3 how does a joint - stock company raise money?\na private investors buy shares\nb by collecting citizens…

Brief Explanations:

A joint - stock company is a business entity where ownership is divided into shares. Private investors buying shares is a common way for such companies to raise capital. Tax collection is typically a government function (not for a joint - stock company). Taking foreign resources is an unethical and illegal (in most cases) way that is not a standard business practice for raising money. A monarch funding it is a very old - fashioned and not a typical modern (or even historical in the context of joint - stock companies as we know them) way. Joint - stock companies are based on the principle of selling shares to investors.

Answer:

A. Private investors buy shares