exercises\nbuilding concepts and skills\n6. t...
exercises\nbuilding concepts and skills\n6. true/false: a pilot study is a good way to test the wording of a survey question.\n7. you paid what for those tickets? suppose you want to know the average amount of money spent by the fans attending opening day for the st. louis cardinals baseball season. you get permission from the teams management to conduct a survey at the stadium, but they will not allow you to\ntrue/false: undercoverage is caused by the individuals in the sample.\nwhen does undercoverage lead to bias?\nhow does nonresponse differ from voluntary response?\nwhat are two ways that researchers can minimize nonresponse?\nlist three factors that can lead to response bias.
Answer
# Brief Explanations:
1. **Undercoverage bias**: Occurs when some members of the population are left out of the sampling frame. For example, if a survey about internet - usage is conducted only among land - line phone users, those without land - lines (e.g., only mobile users) are undercovered, leading to bias as their views are not represented.
2. **Non - response bias**: Happens when selected individuals do not respond to a survey. Reasons can include lack of interest, time constraints, or difficulty in contacting them. If non - responders have different opinions from responders, it causes bias. For example, in a political opinion survey, those with strong negative opinions might be more likely to respond, skewing the results.
3. **Response bias**: Arises when respondents answer questions inaccurately. This can be due to social desirability (e.g., people lying about their exercise habits to seem healthier), leading questions (e.g., "Don't you agree that this new policy is great?"), or memory recall issues (e.g., inaccurately reporting how much they spent last month).
To minimize non - response bias, researchers can:
1. **Follow - up**: Send reminders to non - responders. For example, if it's a mail - in survey, send a second or third reminder letter.
2. **Offer incentives**: Provide small rewards like gift cards or discounts to encourage participation.
Non - response differs from voluntary response as in non - response, individuals are selected but choose not to participate, while in voluntary response, anyone can choose to participate on their own initiative. Voluntary response often leads to bias as it attracts those with strong opinions (e.g., an online poll on a controversial topic will likely have responses mainly from those who feel strongly about it).
A pilot study is indeed a good way to test the wording of a survey question. It helps identify confusing or leading questions, and allows for adjustments before the full - scale survey is conducted.
# Answer:
1. Three factors for response bias: Social desirability, leading questions, memory recall issues.
2. Two ways to minimize non - response bias: Follow - up, offer incentives.
3. Non - response differs from voluntary response as non - response involves selected non - participants and voluntary response involves self - selected participants.
4. True. Undercoverage is caused by individuals not in the sample due to sampling frame issues.
5. True. A pilot study is a good way to test survey question wording.