3. a claim about a cause - and - effect relationship should be supported with examples that show what? ways…

Brief Explanations:

A claim about a cause - and - effect relationship should show how one thing (cause) leads to another (effect). When we have similar causes having the same effect, it provides evidence for the cause - and - effect relationship. For example, if we claim that "lack of sleep (cause) leads to tiredness (effect)", showing multiple instances where lack of sleep (similar cause) results in tiredness (same effect) supports the claim. The first option about the narrator making things happen is more about narrative control rather than cause - and - effect. The second option (comparison and contrast of characters' behavior) is about character analysis, not cause - effect. The fourth option (different types of causes having the same effect) is more about equifinality (different paths to the same result) but doesn't directly support a specific cause - effect claim as strongly as similar causes having the same effect.

Answer:

similar causes having the same effect