Question

1. describe the structure and function of the nucleus. what distinguishing features might allow you to recognize the nucleus in a cell diagram? 11. describe the function of ribosomes and where they are located in cells. what distinguishing features might allow you to recognize ribosomes in a cell diagram? 12. describe the structure and function of mitochondria. what process happens at mitochondria, and what does the process create? what distinguishing features might allow you to recognize mitochondria in a cell diagram? 13. describe the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough). what distinguishing features might allow you to recognize both types of er in a cell diagram?

Explanation:

1. Ribosomes are the sites of protein - synthesis. They can be free - floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In a cell diagram, free ribosomes are small, dark - staining particles scattered throughout the cytoplasm, and ribosomes attached to the rough ER give it a 'rough' appearance due to their presence on the surface of the ER membrane.
2. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, where cellular respiration (aerobic respiration) occurs, producing ATP. They are usually rod - shaped with a double membrane. The inner membrane is folded into cristae, which increases the surface area for the electron transport chain and ATP - synthase enzymes. In a cell diagram, their shape and the presence of cristae can be used to recognize them.
3. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has ribosomes attached to its surface, giving it a rough appearance, and is involved in protein synthesis and modification. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes, has a smooth surface, and is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium ion storage. In a cell diagram, the presence or absence of ribosomes on the membrane surface can be used to distinguish between them.

Answer:

1. Ribosomes are small particles, free - floating or attached to RER. Free ones are scattered in cytoplasm, attached ones make RER look rough.
2. Mitochondria are rod - shaped with double membrane and cristae. Cristae increase surface area for ATP production in cellular respiration.
3. RER has ribosomes on its surface for protein work, SER lacks ribosomes and is for lipid work and other functions.