Question

1. how do human activities affect nutrient cycling in the chaparral
2. explain how the chaparral changes during the summer and winter.
3. how does the chaparral contribute to global warming?
4. what are most of the invasive species in the chaparral?
5. list some of the threats to the chaparral.

tundra

1. what is permafrost, and what are the conditions that cause it to exist?
2. how does the extreme cold and low precipitation of the tundra contribute to its description as a \frozen desert\?
3. what are the primary geographical locations of the tundra biomes, and what are the arctic and alpine varieties?
4. what adaptations allow plants, such as mosses and lichens, and animals like foxes and caribou, to survive and thrive in this harsh environment?

coral reef 2

1. explain the impact of climate change on the coral reef.

Explanation:

1. Human activities like deforestation, agriculture, and urban - development can disrupt nutrient cycling in chaparral by altering soil composition, reducing plant cover, and changing water runoff patterns.
2. In summer, chaparral is dry with plants conserving water, and in winter, with more rainfall, there is new growth and greening.
3. The chaparral can contribute to global warming when wildfires occur, releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
4. Invasive species in chaparral may include non - native grasses and plants that out - compete native species for resources.
5. Threats to chaparral include wildfires (both natural and human - caused), urban sprawl, and invasive species.
6. Permafrost is permanently frozen ground, which forms in areas with long - term cold temperatures (below 0°C for two or more years) and low soil moisture.
7. The extreme cold limits plant growth and the low precipitation means there is little water, similar to a desert environment, but frozen, hence the term "frozen desert".
8. Arctic tundra is mainly found in the Arctic regions near the North Pole, and alpine tundra is found on high mountains at various latitudes.
9. Plants like mosses and lichens have small size and slow growth to conserve energy, and animals like foxes and caribou have thick fur for insulation and adaptations for food - finding in the harsh environment.
10. Climate change impacts coral reefs through ocean acidification (from increased CO2), rising sea temperatures causing coral bleaching, and more extreme weather events that can physically damage the reefs.

Answer:

1. Human activities disrupt nutrient cycling by altering soil, reducing plant cover, and changing water runoff.
2. Summer: dry, plants conserve water; Winter: more growth due to rainfall.
3. Wildfires in chaparral release CO2 contributing to global warming.
4. Non - native grasses and plants are common invasive species.
5. Wildfires, urban sprawl, and invasive species threaten chaparral.
6. Permafrost is permanently frozen ground, formed with long - term cold and low soil moisture.
7. Extreme cold limits growth and low precipitation makes it like a desert but frozen.
8. Arctic tundra near North Pole; alpine tundra on high mountains.
9. Plants have small size and slow growth; animals have thick fur and food - finding adaptations.
10. Ocean acidification, coral bleaching from warming, and physical damage from extreme weather.