Question

1. which statement below correctly identifies correlation rather than causation?

a) people who carry lighters are more likely to get lung cancer, so carrying lighters causes cancer.
b) eating contaminated food can introduce harmful bacteria into the body, causing food poisoning.
c) increased study time improves test performance because practicing strengthens understanding.
d) turning on a heater raises room temperature by adding thermal energy.

1. which subatomic particle has a negative charge?

a) proton
b) neutron
c) electron
d) nucleus

1. which force acts between charged objects?

a) gravitational
b) electrostatic
c) magnetic
d) nuclear

1. which statement is the correct particle arrangement for an atom?

a) protons & electrons in nucleus; neutrons outside
b) protons & neutrons in nucleus; electrons outside
c) electrons & neutrons in nucleus; protons outside
d) protons, neutrons, & electrons in nucleus

1. what is the net charge of an atom with equal protons and electrons?

a) positive
b) negative
c) neutral
d) depends on neutrons

1. in the water dropper experiment, sparks occur because

a) water cools the air
b) light is reflected
c) charges build and discharge suddenly
d) water becomes magnetic

1. what happens when opposite charges interact?

a) they attract
b) they repel
c) they become neutral
d) they lose all charge

Explanation:

Question 21

• Option A: Carrying lighters and lung cancer have a correlation (people with lighters are more likely to smoke, which causes cancer), not a direct causation from carrying lighters.
• Option B: Contaminated food introducing bacteria is a direct cause of food poisoning (causation).
• Option C: Increased study time (practice) directly causes better test performance (causation, as practice improves understanding).
• Option D: Turning on a heater adds thermal energy, directly causing temperature rise (causation).

So the correct option is the one with correlation, not causation.

• Protons have a positive charge.
• Neutrons have no charge.
• Electrons have a negative charge.
• The nucleus is not a particle (it's made of protons and neutrons).

So the subatomic particle with negative charge is the electron.

• Gravitational force acts between masses (not charged objects).
• Electrostatic force acts between charged objects (attraction or repulsion of charged bodies).
• Magnetic force acts between magnetic objects or moving charges (not solely charged objects in a static sense as the main distinction here).
• Nuclear force acts within the nucleus (between nucleons).

So the force between charged objects is electrostatic.

Answer:

A. People who carry lighters are more likely to get lung cancer, so carrying lighters causes cancer.

Question 22