Question

1. the graph on the right depicts an experiment in which rats learned to navigate a maze in one of three conditions. according to the results, the food reward given to group c revealeda. higher-order conditioningb. cognitive mappingc. insight learningd. learned helplessness23. which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning?a. certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival.b. a biologically based unconditioned stimulus (ucs) must immediately follow a conditioned stimulus (cs) for learning to occur.c. animals have a tendency to revert to their instinctive behaviors, even after being trained to do something elsed. because all animals share a common cellular history, the laws of classical conditioning apply to all species.24. which of the following is an example of negative punishment for a dog?a. the dog only responded after his owner repeatedly called his nameb. although the dog responded the first time his owner called his name, the dog stopped responding when his owner called his name multiple timesc. after his owner first gave him food, the dog continued to beg for food at the tabled. the dog stopped begging for food at the table after his owner did not respond with food multiple times.25. emily was scratched several times by the familys cat when visiting her friends house. she reflexively pulled back in pain and surprise when it happened. now, when she visits that house, she backs away at the sight of the cat, even if it is in another room. in this scenario, emilys behavior when she was first scratched is best labeled as which of the following?a. unconditioned stimulus (ucs)b. conditioned stimulus (cs)c. unconditioned response (ucr)d. conditioned response (cr)26. oksana experiences pleasurable feelings when she hugs her mother. recently, her mother started wearing a new perfume, which oksana can smell when she hugs her mother. when oksana is shopping, she smells that new perfume near the counter where it is sold. she immediately feels the same pleasurable feelings as she does when she hugs her mother. in terms of classical conditioning, which of the following is the smell of the new perfume?a. unconditioned stimulus (ucs)b. conditioned stimulus (cs)c. positive reinforcementd. unconditioned response (ucr)27. after years of watching their mother drive a car, rowan knows how to start the car when sitting in the drivers seat for the first time. which of the following types of learning best explains how rowan acquired the new behavior?a. observational learningb. operant conditioningc. classical conditioningd. insight learning28. in the 1960s, a psychologist placed dogs in a box and then exposed them to five trials in which they received an electric shock that they could not avoid. in the sixth trial, the psychologist placed the dogs in a different box. in this trial, the dogs could avoid the shock by jumping over a small obstacle. none of the dogs jumped over the obstacle. which of the following concepts explains why the dogs did not jump over the obstacle to escape the shocks in the sixth trial?a. retroactive interferenceb. superordinate goalsc. diathesis-stressd. learned helplessness

Explanation:

1. Group C's rapid improvement after receiving a reward shows they formed a mental representation of the maze (cognitive mapping) before the reward.
2. Biological preparedness means species are evolutionarily predisposed to learn survival-related associations in classical conditioning.
3. Negative punishment removes a desired stimulus (no food) to reduce a behavior (begging).
4. The reflexive pull-back is an unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus (being scratched).
5. The perfume was originally neutral, but became associated with the unconditioned stimulus (hugging mom) to trigger a pleasurable response, making it a conditioned stimulus.
6. Rowan learned by observing and imitating their mother's behavior, which is observational learning.
7. The dogs learned they couldn't avoid shocks, leading to learned helplessness where they didn't attempt to escape even when possible.

Answer:

1. b. Cognitive mapping
2. a. Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival.
3. d. The dog stopped begging for food at the table after his owner did not respond with food multiple times.
4. c. Unconditioned Response (UCR)
5. b. Conditioned stimulus (CS)
6. a. Observational learning
7. d. Learned helplessness