Question

1. a group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. in this example, learning strategy is the __ variable and word retention is the variable. a. control; experimental b. dependent; independent c. experimental; control d. independent; dependent 31. the ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called . a. validity b. reliability c. standardization d. operationalization 32. (irb) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants. a. institutional research board b. institutional research bureau c. institutional review board d. institutional review bureau 33. involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments. a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey 34. the major limitation of case studies is . a. the superficial nature of the information collected in this approach b. the lack of control that the researcher has in this approach c. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population d. the absence of inter - rater reliability 35. which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching tv the week before an exam and the grade on that exam? a. watching too much television leads to poor exam performance. b. smart students watch less television. c. viewing television interferes with a student’s ability to prepare for the upcoming exam. d. students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams. 36. the __ effect occurs when a person’s expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. a. placebo b. random c. confirmation d. generalize

Explanation:

1. Independent variables are manipulated by researchers; dependent variables are measured outcomes. Here, learning strategy is manipulated, word retention is measured.
2. Reliability refers to a study/instrument's ability to produce consistent results.
3. IRB stands for Institutional Review Board, which oversees human participant research.
4. Naturalistic observation is defined as observing behavior in natural environments.
5. Case studies focus on small samples, so findings cannot be generalized to large populations.
6. A negative correlation means as one variable increases, the other decreases; more TV links to worse exam scores fits this.
7. The placebo effect is when expectations/beliefs shape a person's experience in a situation.

Answer:

1. D. independent; dependent
2. B. reliability
3. C. Institutional Review Board
4. C. naturalistic observation
5. C. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population
6. D. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.
7. A. placebo