Question

1. after discovering that her usual route home was closed due to road repairs, sharetta used her knowledge of the city and sense of direction to find an alternate route. this is an example of:

a) latent learning.
b) observational learning.
c) shaping.
d) using a cognitive map.

1. a cognitive map is a(n):

a) mental representation of ones environment.
b) sequence of thought processes leading from one idea to another.
c) set of instructions detailing the most effective means of teaching a particular concept.
d) biological predisposition to learn a particular skill.

1. after exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. this performance illustrates:

a) classical conditioning.
b) discrimination learning.
c) observational learning.
d) latent learning.

1. nancy decided to take introductory psychology because she has always been interested in human behavior. jack enrolled in the same course because he thought it would be easy. nancys behavior was motivated by ____, jacks by ____.

a) extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation
b) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
c) drives; incentives
d) incentives; drives

1. a pigeon can easily be taught to flap its wings in order to avoid shock but not for food reinforcement. according to the text, this is most likely so because:

a) pigeons are biologically predisposed to flap their wings in order to escape aversive events and to use their beaks to obtain food.
b) shock is a more motivating stimulus for birds than food is.
c) hungry animals have difficulty delaying their eating long enough to learn any new skill.
d) of all of the above reasons.

Explanation:

• Question 48: Sharette uses her knowledge of the city (mental representation) to find an alternate route, which is using a cognitive map. Latent learning is learning without immediate reinforcement, observational learning is learning by watching others, and shaping is a behavior - modification technique.
• Question 49: A cognitive map is a mental representation of one's environment. The other options describe different cognitive or learning - related concepts.
• Question 50: The rat explored the maze without reinforcement initially and then showed good performance when there was a reward, which is an example of latent learning. Classical conditioning involves associations between stimuli, discrimination learning is about differentiating stimuli, and observational learning is learning from others.
• Question 51: Nancy is interested in human behavior, so her motivation is intrinsic (coming from within). Jack thinks the course is easy, which is an external factor, so his motivation is extrinsic.
• Question 52: Pigeons are biologically predisposed to flap their wings to escape aversive events (like shock) and use their beaks to obtain food, which explains why they can be taught to flap wings to avoid shock but not for food reinforcement easily.

Answer:

1. D. using a cognitive map
2. A. mental representation of one's environment
3. D. latent learning
4. B. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
5. A. pigeons are biologically predisposed to flap their wings in order to escape aversive events and to use their beaks to obtain food