Question

1. production of this vitamin requires skin exposure to the sun. this vitamin is crucial for regulation of calcium and phosphate.

a) vitamin d
b) vitamin a
c) vitamin e
d) vitamin b12

1. compared to a young adult, an older individual has ______ skin.

a) thinner
b) thicker

1. extra credit: choose the \most appropriate\ answer.

in which of the following layers would a subcutaneous injection be administered?
a) stratum basale
b) stratum corneum
c) hypodermis
d) stratum spinosum
e) dermis

1. serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of ______.

a) platelets
b) glucose
c) nitrogenous wastes
d) albumin
e) fibrinogen and other clotting factors

1. which of the following would not decrease the blood colloid osmotic pressure (cop)?

a) a diet predominantly based on red meat
b) starvation
c) severe liver failure
d) an extremely low-protein diet

1. tissues can become edematous (swollen) when which of the following occurs?

a) the concentration of sodium and proteins in blood is high.
b) the hematocrit is high.
c) colloid osmotic pressure (cop) is high.
d) there is a dietary protein deficiency.

1. ______ hair is present in a fetus and then replaced by birth?

a) vellus
b) axillary
c) terminal
d) lanugo

Explanation:

1. Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlight, and it regulates calcium/phosphate levels.
2. Aging causes thinning of the skin due to reduced collagen and cell turnover.
3. Subcutaneous injections target the hypodermis, the layer beneath the dermis.
4. Serum lacks fibrinogen and clotting factors, which are present in plasma.
5. A red meat-rich diet provides protein, which maintains/increases blood colloid osmotic pressure, rather than decreasing it.
6. Dietary protein deficiency lowers blood colloid osmotic pressure, allowing fluid to leak into tissues and cause edema.
7. Lanugo is fine fetal hair that is shed before or around birth.

Answer:

1. A) Vitamin D
2. A) thinner
3. C) Hypodermis
4. E) fibrinogen and other clotting factors
5. A) A diet predominantly based on red meat
6. D) There is a dietary protein deficiency.
7. D) Lanugo