53. explain the relationship between the net filtration pressure, hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. describe the role each of them play in driving fluid across capillaries.
54. identify the major blood vessels of the human systemic circulatory system and the areas of the body they service. (see lab objectives for listing).

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### Question 53
# Brief Explanations:
Net filtration pressure (NFP) drives fluid movement across capillaries. It is calculated as $ \text{NFP} = (\text{Hydrostatic Pressure}_{\text{capillary}} - \text{Hydrostatic Pressure}_{\text{interstitial}}) - (\text{Osmotic Pressure}_{\text{capillary}} - \text{Osmotic Pressure}_{\text{interstitial}}) $. Hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the force of fluid pushing against vessel walls; capillary HP pushes fluid out, interstitial HP pushes it in. Osmotic pressure (OP, from solutes like proteins) pulls fluid: capillary OP pulls fluid into capillaries, interstitial OP pulls it out. NFP is positive for filtration (fluid out) or negative for reabsorption (fluid in).
# Answer:
Net filtration pressure (NFP) is the driving force for fluid movement across capillaries, calculated as $ \text{NFP} = (\text{HP}_c - \text{HP}_i) - (\text{OP}_c - \text{OP}_i) $. Hydrostatic pressure (HP) pushes fluid (capillary HP $ \text{HP}_c $ favors filtration out; interstitial HP $ \text{HP}_i $ opposes it). Osmotic pressure (OP, from solutes) pulls fluid (capillary OP $ \text{OP}_c $ favors reabsorption in; interstitial OP $ \text{OP}_i $ opposes it). NFP determines if fluid filters out (positive NFP) or is reabsorbed (negative NFP).

### Question 54
# Brief Explanations:
In the systemic circulatory system:
- **Arteries**: Aorta (from heart) distributes oxygenated blood to arteries (e.g., carotid, femoral) that branch into arterioles, carrying blood to tissues.
- **Arterioles**: Regulate blood flow to capillaries via vasoconstriction/vasodilation, controlling perfusion.
- **Capillaries**: Thin-walled, site of nutrient/gas exchange between blood and tissues.
- **Venules**: Collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries, merge into veins.
- **Veins**: Venae cavae (superior/inferior) return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Areas served: Systemic arteries supply all body tissues (e.g., brain, muscles, organs); veins drain them.
# Answer:
### Major Blood Vessels (Systemic Circulation) & Areas Served:
- **Aorta**: Oxygenated blood from left ventricle to all systemic arteries (e.g., carotid (brain), subclavian (arms), mesenteric (digestive organs), femoral (legs)).
- **Arterioles**: Branch from arteries, regulate blood flow to capillaries (e.g., muscle arterioles control perfusion to skeletal muscle).
- **Capillaries**: Network in tissues (e.g., muscle, liver, skin) for exchange (O₂/CO₂, nutrients/wastes).
- **Venules**: Collect blood from capillaries, merge into veins (e.g., muscle venules drain skeletal muscle).
- **Veins**: Superior vena cava (drains head/arms), inferior vena cava (drains abdomen/legs) return deoxygenated blood to right atrium.

Areas served: All body tissues (organs, muscles, skin, brain, etc.) receive oxygenated blood via systemic arteries; veins drain deoxygenated blood from these tissues.

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