anabolic enzymes
enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of substances usually release energy, like the one that breaks down starch. some enzymes help to build molecules, like the conversion of glucose into starch. these reactions require the input of energy, and are called anabolic reactions. for example, glucose is a simple sugar that can combine with other molecules to make long chains, like those in starch. starch is an energy storage molecule in plants.
examine the graphic below that illustrates the process of creating a disaccharide sugar, like sucrose (the kind of sugar you put on your cereal). sucrose is made from a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose.
1. describe what is happening at each step.
2. what is x?
3. what is y?
4. what is z?
5. what is table sugar made from?
6. what is an anabolic reaction?

Question

Accepted Answer

### Question 1: Describe what is happening at each step.
# Brief Explanations:
- **Step 1**: The enzyme (X) has an active site that two substrate molecules (hexagons, including Y - likely a reactant like water or a functional group involved in bonding) fit into. The substrates are approaching and binding to the enzyme's active site, preparing for the reaction.
- **Step 2**: The enzyme - substrate complex is formed. The two substrate molecules (a glucose and a fructose, for example, to make sucrose) are held together by the enzyme, and a chemical reaction occurs where they are bonded together (a dehydration synthesis reaction, likely losing a molecule of water - Y could be the water being removed).
- **Step 3**: The product (Z, the disaccharide like sucrose) is formed and released from the enzyme. The enzyme is now free to catalyze another reaction, as its active site is available again.

# Answer:
| Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Substrate molecules (e.g., glucose, fructose) bind to the enzyme (X)'s active site. | Enzyme - substrate complex forms; substrates react (e.g., bond via dehydration synthesis, losing Y like water) to form a disaccharide. | Product (Z, e.g., sucrose) is released; enzyme is free to repeat the process. |

### Question 2: What is X?
# Brief Explanations:
In enzyme - catalyzed reactions, the molecule with the specific shape (the active site) that binds substrates and facilitates the reaction is the enzyme. Looking at the diagram, X has a shape that holds the substrate molecules, so X is an enzyme.

# Answer:
X is an enzyme.

### Question 3: What is Y?
# Brief Explanations:
In the formation of a disaccharide (like sucrose from glucose and fructose), a dehydration synthesis reaction occurs where a water molecule is removed. Y is likely the molecule (water) that is removed during the bonding of the two monosaccharides (or it could be a functional group, but in the context of making a disaccharide, water is a common by - product of the anabolic reaction). Also, in the diagram, Y is associated with the substrates before the reaction, and in dehydration synthesis, water is lost. So Y is probably a water molecule (or the group that is removed to form the bond, like - OH and - H that combine to form water).

# Answer:
Y is likely a water molecule (or the group that is removed during the anabolic reaction to form the bond between the two monosaccharides, e.g., the - OH and - H that combine to make water).

### Question 4: What is Z?
# Brief Explanations:
The diagram shows the process of creating a disaccharide sugar (like sucrose). After the reaction in Step 2, the product that is released in Step 3 is the disaccharide. So Z is the product of the anabolic reaction, which is a disaccharide (e.g., sucrose, made from glucose and fructose).

# Answer:
Z is a disaccharide (e.g., sucrose, the product of the anabolic reaction between two monosaccharides).

### Question 5: What is table sugar made from?
# Brief Explanations:
Table sugar is sucrose. From the text, it says "Sucrose is made from a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose". So table sugar (sucrose) is made from one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose.

# Answer:
Table sugar (sucrose) is made from one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose.

### Question 6: What is an anabolic reaction?
# Brief Explanations:
From the text: "Some enzymes help to build molecules, like the conversion of glucose into starch. These reactions require the input of energy, and are called anabolic reactions". So an anabolic reaction is a reaction that builds (synthesizes) larger molecules from smaller ones, and it requires an input of energy.

# Answer:
An anabolic reaction is a reaction that builds (synthesizes) larger molecules from smaller molecules and requires an input of energy (e.g., the conversion of glucose into starch or the formation of a disaccharide from monosaccharides).

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QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

Question 1: Describe what is happening at each step.

Answer:

Question 2: What is X?