Question

big picture ideas
#1 are the building blocks of matter and consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. bonds form between atoms through processes such as ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonding.
#2. water is a molecule due to its asymmetrical arrangement of hydrogen and oxygen atoms and unevenly - shared electrons. it exhibits unique properties which are essential to life, including , adhesion, surface tension, and a high heat capacity.
#3. the four biological macromolecules include (energy storage and structural support), (energy storage and cell membranes composition), (structural support, enzymatic activity, and regulation), and (genetic information storage and transmission).
#4. organic molecules are made of and form a variety of structures through bonding patterns with the elements nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.
#5. water exhibits bonding, which is a result of the attraction between the charged hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the charged oxygen atoms of neighboring water molecules.
key vocab polarity hydrogen bonding cohesion adhesion
surface tension homeostasis carbohydrate lipid
protein nucleic acid hydrolysis dehydration synthesis
deoxyribose ribose phosphate nitrogenous base
polypeptide amino acid hydrophobic hydrophilic
fatty acid nucleotide monosaccharide covalent bond
adenine guanine cytosine thymine
uracil

• topic 1.1 structure of water and hydrogen bonding

1. draw two molecules of water interacting, labeling atoms, bonds and electronegativity.
2. charges attract and like charges
3. bonds form between adjacent water molecules and bonds forming within water molecules.
4. describe how the properties of water allow water to move up a tree trunk to the leaves.
5. describe how the properties of water maintain homeostatic body temperature within living organisms.

Explanation:

1. Atoms are the building - blocks of matter with protons, neutrons, and electrons. Bonds between atoms include ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
2. Water is a polar molecule. Its unique properties like cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and high heat - capacity are crucial for life.
3. The four biological macromolecules are carbohydrates (energy storage and structural support), lipids (energy storage and cell - membrane composition), proteins (structural support, enzymatic activity, and regulation), and nucleic acids (genetic information storage and transmission).
4. Organic molecules contain carbon and bond with elements like nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
5. Water exhibits hydrogen bonding due to the attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen atoms of neighboring water molecules.

For Topic 1.1:

1. When drawing water molecules, each water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The O - H bonds are covalent, and there is hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen.
2. Opposite charges attract and like charges repel.
3. Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules and covalent bonds form within water molecules.
4. Water moves up a tree trunk through cohesion (water molecules sticking to each other) and adhesion (water molecules sticking to the cell walls of xylem vessels), creating a continuous column of water.
5. Water's high heat - capacity helps maintain homeostatic body temperature. It can absorb and release a large amount of heat without a significant change in its own temperature, thus buffering temperature changes in living organisms.

Answer:

1. See above description for drawing water molecules with labeled atoms (H and O), covalent O - H bonds within molecules and hydrogen bonds between molecules, and indication of oxygen's higher electronegativity.
2. Opposite charges attract and like charges repel.
3. Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules and covalent bonds form within water molecules.
4. Through cohesion and adhesion, water forms a continuous column that can move up the tree trunk.
5. Due to its high heat - capacity, water buffers temperature changes in living organisms to maintain homeostasis.