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1. define each of the following as they apply to the age of absolutism:…

Question

  1. define each of the following as they apply to the age of absolutism: divine right, autocracy, mandate of heaven and centralization
  2. complete the graphic organizer below
monarchcountry/regionaccomplishments
suleiman the magnificentottoman empireexpansion
louis xivfranceautocracy, expansion
peter the greatrussiapalace of versailles
  1. explain the difference between an absolute and constitutional monarchy
  2. compare the palace at versailles and the city of st. petersburg
  3. identify and explain each of the following as they apply to the development of english democracy: the magna carta, the glorious revolution, parliament and the english bill of rights
  4. compare the scientific method with the medieval way of thinking
  5. what was the enlightenment?
  6. complete the graphic organizer below
philosophefamous workmain idea

|john locke|
|baron de montesquieu|
|jean jacques rousseau|
|voltaire|
|mary wollstonecraft|
|william wilberforce|

  1. define enlightened despotism
  2. why was catherine the great considered and enlightened monarch?
  3. define each of following as they apply to lockes theory: consent of the governed and the natural rights theory
  4. why did galileo recant his findings before the church?
  5. compare the heliocentric and geocentric theories about the universe
  6. how did the enlightenment lead to political and social reform throughout europe?

Explanation:

Brief Explanations
  1. Divine Right: In the Age of Absolutism, it was the belief that monarchs received their power directly from God and were answerable only to God.
  2. Autocracy: A system of government where one person has unlimited power.
  3. Mandate of Heaven: In Chinese - related contexts, it was the idea that a ruler had the gods' approval as long as they ruled justly. In the context of Absolutism, it can be seen as a parallel to the Divine Right concept in a different cultural - historical setting.
  4. Centralization: The process of concentrating power and authority in a central government or ruler, reducing the power of local or regional entities.

For the monarch - related table:

  • Akbar the Great was from India and made improvements in weapons and trade.
  • Suleiman the Magnificent was of the Ottoman Empire and was known for expansion.
  • Louis XIV was from France, not Russia, and was associated with autocracy and expansion, as well as building the Palace of Versailles.
  • Peter the Great was from Russia and is known for building St. Petersburg and modernizing Russia.

Absolute vs Constitutional Monarchy: In an absolute monarchy, the monarch has unrestricted power. In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch's power is limited by a constitution, often sharing power with a legislative body.

Palace at Versailles and St. Petersburg: The Palace of Versailles was a symbol of French royal opulence and power, mainly a royal residence. St. Petersburg was a new city built by Peter the Great to modernize Russia and was a center of political and cultural life.

English Democracy Developments:

  • The Magna Carta limited the power of the king and established the principle that the king was subject to the law.
  • The Glorious Revolution led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the supremacy of Parliament.
  • Parliament is the legislative body in the UK, which has evolved over time to have more power in the governance of the country.
  • The English Bill of Rights further defined the rights of Parliament and the limits of the monarch's power.

Scientific Method vs Medieval Thinking: The scientific method relies on observation, hypothesis - testing, and experimentation. Medieval thinking was often based on religious dogma and traditional authorities.

The Enlightenment: It was an intellectual and philosophical movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.

For the philosophes table:

  • John Locke: Famous work - "Two Treatises of Government", Main Idea - Social contract theory, natural rights.
  • Baron de Montesquieu: Famous work - "The Spirit of the Laws", Main Idea - Separation of powers.
  • Jean - Jacques Rousseau: Famous work - "The Social Contract", Main Idea - General will and direct democracy.
  • Voltaire: Famous work - "Candide", Main Idea - Freedom of speech, religious tolerance.
  • Mary Wollstonecraft: Famous work - "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman", Main Idea - Women's rights.
  • William Wilberforce: Famous for his work in the abolition of the slave - trade in the British Empire.

Enlightened Despotism: It was a form of absolute monarchy where rulers adopted Enlightenment - inspired reforms while still maintaining their autocratic power.

Catherine the Great as an Enlightened Monarch: She was interested in Enlightenment ideas, promoted education and culture, and made some legal reforms, although she also maintained the power of the nobility and the autocratic nature of her rule.

Locke's Theory Concepts: "Consent of the Gove…

Answer:

  1. Divine Right: Belief that monarchs' power comes from God.

Autocracy: One - person unlimited power.
Mandate of Heaven: Approval of rulers by gods in Chinese - related concepts.
Centralization: Power concentration in a central authority.

  1. Akbar the Great: India, Improved weapons and trade.

Suleiman the Magnificent: Ottoman Empire, Expansion.
Louis XIV: France, Autocracy, expansion, Palace of Versailles.
Peter the Great: Russia, St. Petersburg building, modernization.

  1. Absolute monarchy: Monarch has unrestricted power. Constitutional monarchy: Monarch's power is limited by constitution.
  2. Palace of Versailles: Symbol of French royal opulence, residence. St. Petersburg: Center of Russian political and cultural life.
  3. Magna Carta: Limited king's power, law - subjection principle. Glorious Revolution: Led to constitutional monarchy, Parliament supremacy. Parliament: UK legislative body. English Bill of Rights: Defined Parliament rights, monarch limits.
  4. Scientific method: Observation, hypothesis - testing, experimentation. Medieval thinking: Based on religious dogma, traditional authorities.
  5. Intellectual and philosophical movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism.
  6. John Locke: "Two Treatises of Government", Social contract, natural rights.

Baron de Montesquieu: "The Spirit of the Laws", Separation of powers.
Jean - Jacques Rousseau: "The Social Contract", General will, direct democracy.
Voltaire: "Candide", Freedom of speech, religious tolerance.
Mary Wollstonecraft: "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman", Women's rights.
William Wilberforce: Abolition of slave - trade.

  1. Absolute monarchy with Enlightenment - inspired reforms.
  2. Interested in Enlightenment ideas, promoted education and culture, made legal reforms.
  3. Consent of the Governed: Government authority based on people's consent. Natural Rights: Life, liberty, property.
  4. Threat of persecution from the Church.
  5. Heliocentric: Sun at center, planets orbit it. Geocentric: Earth at center, others orbit it.
  6. Inspired political (e.g., French Revolution) and social (e.g., abolition of serfdom) reforms.