Question

developmental psychology study guide 2025

1. define asynchrony.
2. peer groups tend to set the standards on matters regarding what?
3. some adolescents have this issue which may lead to risky behavior and juvenile delinquency.
4. explain social learning theory and list which psychologists conducted work related to the theory.
5. james marcia distinguished four attempts to achieve identity using the categories of “crisis” and “commitment.” list and briefly explain each.
6. this refers to biological characteristics, such as female.
7. this includes societal norms and accepted behaviors expected of individuals.
8. according to sigmund freud, what are erogenous zones the source of?
9. explain how sandra bem’s views on gender coming out of her study differed from the common views of the time.

Explanation:

1. Asynchrony in developmental psychology often refers to a lack of synchrony or coordination in the development of different aspects (e.g., physical, cognitive, emotional) of an individual.
2. Peer - groups tend to set standards on matters regarding appearance, behavior, and social norms among peers.
3. Some adolescents may have identity confusion which can lead to risky behavior and juvenile delinquency as they struggle to define who they are.
4. Social learning theory posits that learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling. Psychologists such as Albert Bandura conducted work related to this theory.
5. James Marcia's four identity statuses: Identity Diffusion (no crisis, no commitment), Identity Foreclosure (no crisis, commitment), Moratorium (crisis, no commitment), and Identity Achievement (crisis, commitment).
6. This refers to sex, which is based on biological characteristics like being female or male.
7. This refers to gender roles, which include societal norms and expected behaviors for individuals based on their perceived gender.
8. According to Sigmund Freud, erogenous zones are the source of libidinal energy during different psychosexual stages of development.
9. Sandra Bem's views on gender, from her study, differed from common views as she introduced the concept of androgyny, suggesting that individuals could possess both masculine and feminine traits, rather than being strictly categorized as one or the other.

Answer:

1. A lack of synchrony in development of different aspects of an individual.
2. Appearance, behavior, and social norms among peers.
3. Identity confusion.
4. Social learning theory: Learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling. Psychologists: Albert Bandura.
5. Identity Diffusion: No crisis, no commitment; Identity Foreclosure: No crisis, commitment; Moratorium: Crisis, no commitment; Identity Achievement: Crisis, commitment.
6. Sex.
7. Gender roles.
8. Libidinal energy during psychosexual stages of development.
9. She introduced the concept of androgyny, suggesting individuals could possess both masculine and feminine traits.