Question

directions: use your notes to complete the test study guide. 1. define the following terms: a. accuracy b. hypothesis c. dependent variable d. independent variable e. observation f. precision 2. be able to identify examples of the 4 branches of earth science: astronomy (a), geology (g), oceanography (o), and meteorology (m). clouds solar system the moon rocks seawater storms weather forecaster earthquakes 3. earths shape is called a(n) ______ 4. name the 3 matter and energy cycles we talked about in class? ____ ____ ____ 5. what is the ultimate source of energy for the earth? ____ 6. what percentage of the earths surface is covered by water ____% 7. what is carrying capacity? ____ 8. describe the composition of the asthenosphere. ____ 9. what process do plants use to capture and transfer solar energy? ____ 10. what does the first law of thermodynamics state? ____ 11. circle your choice for each option in parentheses. lines of latitude run (vertically/horizontally) and are called (meridians/parallels) and are used in locating places (north & south/east & west) of the (prime meridian/equator) 12. circle your choice for each option in parentheses. lines of longitude run (vertically/horizontally) and are called (meridians/parallels) and are used in locating places (north & south/east & west) of the (prime meridian/equator) 13. how many degrees separate the north pole from the south pole? ______ created by s. dick 09/20/24

Explanation:

• a. Accuracy: In science, accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value.
• b. Hypothesis: A hypothesis is a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting - point for further investigation.
• c. Dependent variable: The dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in an experiment, which depends on the independent variable.
• d. Independent variable: The independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable.
• e. Observation: Observation is the act of gathering information through the senses or with the help of instruments.
• f. Precision: Precision refers to how close repeated measurements are to each other.

For the identification of earth - science branches:

• Clouds: Meteorology (M) as clouds are related to weather.
• The moon: Astronomy (A) as the moon is a celestial body.
• Seawater: Oceanography (O) as it deals with the oceans.
• Weather forecaster: Meteorology (M) as weather forecasting is part of meteorology.
• Solar system: Astronomy (A) as it is a collection of celestial bodies.
• Rocks: Geology (G) as geology studies rocks.
• Storms: Meteorology (M) as storms are weather - related phenomena.
• Earthquakes: Geology (G) as they are related to the earth's crust.

• 3. Earth's shape: The Earth's shape is called a geoid.
• 4. Matter and energy cycles: The water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle are common matter and energy cycles.
• 5. Ultimate energy source for the Earth: The Sun is the ultimate source of energy for the Earth.
• 6. Percentage of Earth's surface covered by water: Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by water.
• 7. Carrying capacity: Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support.
• 8. Composition of the asthenosphere: The asthenosphere is composed of semi - molten rock.
• 9. Process in plants to capture and transfer solar energy: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants capture and transfer solar energy.
• 10. First Law of Thermodynamics: The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another.
• 11. Lines of LATITUDE: Lines of LATITUDE run horizontally, are called parallels, and are used in locating places north & south of the equator.
• 12. Lines of LONGITUDE: Lines of LONGITUDE run vertically, are called meridians, and are used in locating places east & west of the prime meridian.
• 13. Degrees between North and South Pole: 180 degrees separate the North Pole from the South Pole.

Answer:

• a. Accuracy: How close a measurement is to the true value.
• b. Hypothesis: Proposed explanation based on limited evidence.
• c. Dependent variable: Variable being tested, depends on independent variable.
• d. Independent variable: Variable that is changed or controlled.
• e. Observation: Gathering information through senses or instruments.
• f. Precision: How close repeated measurements are to each other.
• Clouds: M
• The moon: A
• Seawater: O
• Weather forecaster: M
• Solar system: A
• Rocks: G
• Storms: M
• Earthquakes: G
• 3. Earth's shape: Geoid
• 4. Matter and energy cycles: Water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle
• 5. Ultimate energy source for the Earth: The Sun
• 6. Percentage of Earth's surface covered by water: 71%
• 7. Carrying capacity: Maximum number of individuals an environment can support.
• 8. Composition of the asthenosphere: Semi - molten rock
• 9. Process in plants to capture and transfer solar energy: Photosynthesis
• 10. First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted.
• 11. Lines of LATITUDE: Horizontally, parallels, north & south, equator
• 12. Lines of LONGITUDE: Vertically, meridians, east & west, prime meridian
• 13. Degrees between North and South Pole: 180