Question

exam 01 - (fall 2025)

1. in an experiment, the factor that is expected to change is referred to as the

a. independent variable
b. dependent variable
c. control variable
d. random variable

1. if deception in research must be used, which must occur?

a. participants must be debriefed as soon as the study concludes.
b. participants must be given no opportunity to withdraw from the study.
c. participants must be provided appropriate excuses.
d. participants must be offered additional compensation.

1. ____ is a growing movement in psychology directed toward studies of human experience such as hope, happiness, and altruism.

a. positive psychology
b. social - cognitive theory
c. eclecticism
d. evolutionary psychology

1. all of the following are examples of teratogens except

a. folic acid
b. lead
c. x - rays
d. infectious organisms

1. according to piaget, egocentrism is

a. the tendency to see the world only from one’s own perspective.
b. the recognition that objects continue to exist even if they have disappeared from sight.
c. the belief that inanimate objects have living qualities.
d. the belief that the direction of a sequence of events cannot be reversed or undone.

1. according to piaget, a(n) ____ is an organized system of mental representations used to understand the world.

a. schema
b. reflex
c. instinct
d. operation

1. raven generally feels competent and proud of her achievements. she pursues extracurricular activities without fear and embraces challenges. according to erikson, which crisis has she most likely recently resolved?

a. trust versus mistrust
b. autonomy versus shame and doubt
c. initiative versus guilt
d. industry versus inferiority

Explanation:

• Question 8: In an experiment, the dependent variable is the one that is expected to change as a result of manipulating the independent variable.
• Question 9: Ethical guidelines in research state that if deception is used, participants must be debriefed at the end of the study to inform them of the true nature of the research.
• Question 10: Positive psychology focuses on positive human experiences like hope, happiness, and altruism.
• Question 11: Teratogens are agents that can cause birth - defects. Folic acid is a beneficial nutrient, not a teratogen. Lead, X - rays, and infectious organisms are teratogens.
• Question 12: Piaget defined egocentrism as the tendency to see the world only from one's own perspective.
• Question 13: Piaget described a schema as an organized system of mental representations used to understand the world.
• Question 14: According to Erikson, the industry - versus - inferiority stage is characterized by a sense of competence and pride in one's achievements when successfully resolved.

Answer:

1. b. dependent variable
2. a. Participants must be debriefed as soon as the study concludes.
3. a. Positive psychology
4. a. folic acid
5. a. the tendency to see the world only from one’s own perspective.
6. a. schema
7. d. Industry versus inferiority