Question

figure 3-33 a cranial drawer test is used to assess cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the stifle of dogs. the arrows indicate the direction of force being applied to the femur and tibia.

1. m/n __________________
2. stifle __________________
3. pe __________________
4. flexed __________________
5. crepitus __________________
6. flexion __________________
7. extension __________________
8. right lateral recumbency __________________
9. laxity __________________
10. cranial __________________
11. femur __________________
12. tibia __________________
13. ligament __________________
14. meniscus __________________

Explanation:

These are medical terminology questions related to veterinary anatomy (specifically canine orthopedics) and physical examination. Here are the definitions:

1. M/N: Likely "Medial/Normal" or "Medial/Neutral" (context of joint movement/position, but more likely "Muscle/Nerve" is less, better "Medial - Normal" or in veterinary ortho, maybe "Manual/Normal" but more precise: In cranial drawer test, M/N could be "Medial - Neutral" position. But more accurately, common abbreviations: M/N might be "Medial/Normal" or "Muscle/Nerve" but in orthopedic exam, "Medial" (M) and "Neutral" (N) for joint alignment. However, more standard: M/N could be "Male/Normal" but no, context is stifle (knee) exam. Better: M/N - Medial/Neutral (position of the joint during test).
2. stifle: The joint in dogs (and other quadrupeds) corresponding to the human knee; it is the joint between the femur (thigh bone) and tibia (shin bone), including the patella (kneecap).
3. PE: Physical Examination (in veterinary context, the overall exam, but here in the context of the cranial drawer test, it could also be "Patellar Equilibrium" but more standard is "Physical Exam".
4. flexed: A joint position where the angle between the bones is decreased; for the stifle, the leg is bent (like when the dog is sitting, the stifle is flexed).
5. crepitus: A grating, crackling, or popping sound or sensation felt under the skin or heard during joint movement, often due to bone - on - bone contact, cartilage damage, or other joint abnormalities.
6. flexion: The anatomical movement that decreases the angle between two bones at a joint; for the stifle, it is the bending of the leg (e.g., bringing the foot towards the abdomen).
7. extension: The anatomical movement that increases the angle between two bones at a joint; for the stifle, it is the straightening of the leg (e.g., extending the leg to stand).
8. right lateral recumbency: A position where the dog is lying on its right side (lateral means side, recumbency means lying down), with the right side of the body in contact with the surface.
9. laxity: Looseness or lack of normal tightness in a joint or ligament; in the context of the cranial drawer test, it refers to excessive movement of the tibia relative to the femur, indicating ligament damage (like cranial cruciate ligament rupture).
10. cranial: A directional term meaning towards the head (anterior in human anatomy, but in veterinary anatomy, cranial is towards the skull; for the stifle, cranial means towards the front of the leg, relative to the dog's body).
11. femur: The thigh bone; the long bone in the upper part of the hindlimb, articulating with the tibia at the stifle joint.
12. tibia: The shin bone; the larger of the two bones in the lower part of the hindlimb (below the stifle), articulating with the femur at the stifle and the tarsus (ankle) distally.
13. ligament: A tough, fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone, providing stability to joints; in the stifle, the cranial cruciate ligament (and others) stabilize the joint.
14. meniscus: A fibrocartilaginous structure within a joint (like the stifle) that acts as a cushion, shock absorber, and helps to stabilize the joint; in the stifle, there are medial and lateral menisci.

Answer:

s:

1. M/N: Medial/Neutral (position of joint during test)
2. stifle: The dog's knee joint (between femur and tib[SSE onError error]