Question

1. the first great english dictionary writer, samuel johnson, suggested around 1755 that books record all we can know about history, expressing no perception about what of the past could be recorded through physical remains. archaeology was then defined as what could be gleaned about general ancient history from texts. it was only gradually expanded over the next century to include the study of material remains. troys role in that changing perception should not be underestimated. according to the oxford english dictionary, one of the first uses of the word archaeology in english occurs in 1607 with archaeology of the jews, but it was mostly about texts and general antiquity. by 1872 the dictionary said, archaeology displays old structures and buried relics of the remote past. this evolution of the word is confirmed by 1880, after troys seminal excavations, when we read, the archaeologists have raised the study of antiquities to the level of a science. suddenly with troy - where heinrich schliemann was searching for an ancient lost city - and related methodological excavations, there was a huge watershed change. archaeology became both a merging and redividing of the old discipline of ancient history, reading ancient texts, and the new discipline,reading what was in the very ground. now the ancient materials themselves, the buried past, formed the new focus of archaeology.
2. by approaching troy and other ancient places in a new way, pioneering archaeologists set about proving hypotheses that a given ancient city existed rather than just plundering a site for its antiquities. in this way troy served a higher purpose: it was necessary to engage the skeptical academic world with material evidence. schliemann is surrounded by a swirl of controversy today... but what is often forgotten is that he heralded a whole new era, in which material artifacts buried for millennia have a story to tell. in schliemanns case, his version of the story may not be reliable, but the heart and soul of archaeology is the reconstruction of the past from its material remains. thus, schliemann and his early work at troy deserve credit for drawing the worlds attention to troy as a history instead of troy as simply myth.
3. although it has been much debated over the past few generations since he first excavated troy, heinrich schliemanns role in changing the perception of troy from just a story to a real place

part a
in paragraph 3, how does the author use structure to explain the new focus of archaeology?
the author relays chronologically how the definition of archaeology broadened its focus over time.
the author describes the importance of archaeology and locating other ancient greek cities like troy.
the author contrasts archaeologys reliance on information gained from ancient texts with information gained from artifacts.
the author provides information about the different focuses of archaeology and their effects on the excavation of troy.

Explanation:

The paragraph traces the historical development of archaeology's focus. It starts by showing how initially it was about texts and general antiquity, then with the excavation of Troy, there was a shift towards studying material remains. This is a chronological account of the broadening of archaeology's definition.

Answer:

The author relays chronologically how the definition of archeology broadened its focus over time.