Question

historic/founding document
passage 1 is adapted from platos book ix of the republic, written around 380 bc and translated here by b. jowett.
passage 2 is adapted from federalist no. 63, from the federalist papers, generally believed to be written by james madison and first published in 1788.
passage 1
how is the tyrannical man formed out of the democratical? and how does he live, in happiness or in misery?
certain of the unnecessary pleasures and appetites i conceive to be unlawful; every one appears to have them, but in some persons they are controlled by the laws and by reason, and the better desires prevail over them - either they are wholly banished or they become few and weak, while in the case of others they are stronger, and there are more of them.
i mean those appetites that are awake when the reasoning and human and ruling power is asleep. then the wild beast within us goes forth to satisfy his desires, and there is no conceivable folly or crime that, at such a time, when he has parted company with all shame and sense, a man may not be ready to commit.
but when a mans pulse is healthy and temperate, and when before going to sleep he has awakened his rational powers and fed them on noble thoughts and enquiries, then, as you know, he attains truth most nearly and is least likely to be the sport of fantastic and lawless visions.
the point that i desire to note is that in all of us, even in good men, there is a lawless wild - beast nature, which peers out in sleep.
passage 2
a senate may be sometimes necessary as a defense to the people against their own temporary errors and delusions. as the cool and deliberate sense of the community ought, in all governments, and actually will, in all free governments, ultimately prevail over the views of its rulers, so there are particular moments in public affairs when the people, stimulated by some irregular passion, or some illicit advantage, or misled by the artful misrepresentations of interested men, may call for measures which they themselves will afterwards be the most ready to lament and condemn.
in these critical moments, how salutary will be the interference of some temperate and respectable body of citizens, in order to check the misguided career and to suspend the blow meditated by the people against themselves, until reason, justice, and truth can regain their authority over the public mind? what bitter anguish would not the people of

1. passage 1 primarily focuses on

a) how a democratic society could be corrupted by tyranny.
b) the warring parts of the human psyche.
c) the dangerous pleasures and vices that lead to corruption.
d) the commonality of lawlessness in all societies.

1. according to passage 1, a man can minimize the lawless wild - beast nature inside of him by

a) getting enough sleep.
b) accepting his own corruption.
c) practicing his powers of rationality.
d) fighting against tyranny.

1. which lines in passage 1 provide the best evidence in support of the answer to the previous question?

a) paragraph 1, sentence 1 (\how is... democratical\)
b) paragraph 3, sentence 1 (\i mean... asleep\)
c) paragraph 3, sentence 2 (\then the... commit\)
d) paragraph 4, sentence 1 (\but when... visions\)

1. based on passage 2, the author likely views the public as

a) a foolish group of people that must be taught what to think by the upper class.
b) an uneducated mass that must rely on the wisdom of its rulers to make any decisions.
c) a set of individuals who must sometimes be protected against their own impulses.
d) a collection of well - intentioned representatives who nevertheless are ignorant of current affairs.

1. according to the author of passage 2, which of the following principles must, in a well - functioning republic, maintain authority over the public mind?

a) reason, justice, and truth
b) passion, power, and glory
c) anguish, tyranny, and violence
d) freedom, love, and capitalism

1. in passage 2, paragraph 3, sentence 5, the phrase \incident to\ most closely means

a) exposed by.
b) created by.
c) inherent in.
d) captured in.

1. based on the information in passage 1 and passage 2, the authors of the passages would likely agree that

a) mens passions can sometimes lead them astray.
b) tyranny must be rooted out and replaced with democracy.
c) government can provide the best check on mans baser passions.
d) desire and criminality go hand in hand.

Explanation:

• Question 31: Passage 1 focuses on the wild - beast nature within humans and harmful desires leading to corruption. Option C is correct as it aligns with this central theme.
• Question 32: The passage states that when a man awakens his rational powers and feeds them on noble thoughts, he minimizes his lawless wild - beast nature. So, practicing rationality (Option C) is the answer.
• Question 33: Paragraph 3, Sentence 2 describes the wild - beast nature going forth when rational power is asleep, which supports the previous answer about minimizing the lawless nature through rationality. So, Option C is right.
• Question 34: Passage 2 mentions the need to protect the people from their own temporary errors and delusions, indicating that the public sometimes needs protection from their own impulses (Option C).
• Question 35: Passage 2 emphasizes that reason, justice, and truth should prevail over the public mind in a well - functioning republic. Option A is correct.
• Question 36: In the context, "incident to" means inherent in. Option C is the correct meaning.
• Question 37: Both passages discuss how men's passions can lead them astray. Passage 1 talks about lawless desires and Passage 2 about the public being misled by passions. Option A is the answer.

Answer:

1. C. the dangerous pleasures and vices that lead to corruption.
2. C. practicing his powers of rationality.
3. C. Paragraph 3, Sentence 2 ("Then the...commit").
4. C. a set of individuals who must sometimes be protected against their own impulses.
5. A. Reason, justice, and truth
6. C. inherent in.
7. A. men's passions can sometimes lead them astray.