Question

individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting
a. self - actualization attributes
b. the fight - or - flight response
c. attributional deficits
d. cognitive dissonance
e. learned helplessness

Explanation:

• Option A: Self - actualization is about fulfilling one's potential, not related to inaction due to perceived inevitability.
• Option B: Fight - or - flight is a response to immediate threat (fight or run), not about giving up due to perceived unavoidable events.
• Option C: Attributional deficits refer to problems in assigning causes, not the described behavior of inaction.
• Option D: Cognitive dissonance is about conflicting beliefs/attitudes, not about inaction from perceived inevitability.
• Option E: Learned helplessness occurs when individuals learn that a situation is uncontrollable (unavoidable) and stop trying to change it, which matches the description.

Answer:

E. learned helplessness