instructions: answer the following questions using the information found in your textbook on pages 66-67.
1. your textbook says that the second continental congress set up confederation, or alliance, among the thirteen states. using context clues from the reading, what do you think a confederation means?
2. what powers did the national government have under the articles of confederation?
3. when did it go into effect?
4. your book lists weaknesses of the articles of confederation as well. what were they?
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5. your book mentions two significant achievements of the articles of confederation government. what were they? (list their names and define what they did.)
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Question

instructions: answer the following questions using the information found in your textbook on pages 66-67.
1. your textbook says that the second continental congress set up confederation, or alliance, among the thirteen states. using context clues from the reading, what do you think a confederation means?
2. what powers did the national government have under the articles of confederation?
3. when did it go into effect?
4. your book lists weaknesses of the articles of confederation as well. what were they?
   _________________________________________________________
   _________________________________________________________
   _________________________________________________________
   _________________________________________________________
   _________________________________________________________
   _________________________________________________________
   _________________________________________________________
5. your book mentions two significant achievements of the articles of confederation government. what were they? (list their names and define what they did.)
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_________________________________________________________

Accepted Answer

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
A confederation, from the context of the Second Continental Congress and the thirteen states, likely means a union where states join together for a common purpose (like defense or cooperation) but retain a high degree of self - governance. The clue "alliance among the thirteen states" suggests a voluntary association where each state keeps significant power, and they work together on matters of mutual interest (such as dealing with foreign powers or coordinating in the Revolutionary War context).
# Answer:
A confederation is a voluntary alliance or union of independent states (in this case, the thirteen colonies - turned - states) that come together for common goals (like mutual defense, cooperation in governance - related matters during the Revolutionary era) while each state retains a large measure of its own sovereignty and self - government.

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government (Congress) had powers such as the ability to declare war, make peace, sign treaties with foreign nations, manage relations with Native American tribes, and regulate interstate and foreign trade (though this power was limited). It could also coin money and establish post offices. These powers were designed to give the new nation a unified front in external matters while leaving many internal governance powers to the states.
# Answer:
Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government (Congress) had the following powers:
- It could declare war and make peace.
- It had the authority to sign treaties with foreign countries.
- It could manage relations with Native American tribes.
- It could coin money.
- It could establish post offices.
- It had limited power to regulate interstate and foreign trade.
- It could raise an army and navy, although it had to request troops from the states.

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
The Articles of Confederation went into effect in 1781, after all thirteen states had ratified them. Ratification was a process where each state had to approve the document, and once the last state (Maryland) ratified it in 1781, the Articles became the governing framework for the United States.
# Answer:
The Articles of Confederation went into effect in 1781, after all thirteen states had ratified the document (Maryland was the last state to ratify it).

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation included:
- **Lack of a strong central government**: The national government had no executive branch (no president) and no judicial branch (no federal courts) to enforce laws or settle disputes between states.
- **Financial problems**: The national government could not tax directly; it had to request money from the states, and many states refused to contribute, leading to a lack of funds for the government to operate (like paying debts from the Revolutionary War or maintaining an army).
- **No power to regulate trade**: This led to economic chaos, as states could impose tariffs on each other's goods, and there was no unified trade policy with foreign nations.
- **Amendment difficulties**: Any amendment to the Articles required the unanimous consent of all thirteen states, making it nearly impossible to change the document to address its flaws.
- **Weak military**: The national government could not draft soldiers; it had to rely on the states to provide troops, which were often not provided in sufficient numbers or on time.
- **Each state had one vote in Congress**: Regardless of the state's size or population, this meant that smaller states had the same power as larger ones in the legislative process, leading to an unrepresentative system.
- **No power to enforce laws**: The national government could pass laws, but it had no way to ensure that the states or the people followed them.
# Answer:
The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation were:
- No executive branch (no president) to enforce laws.
- No judicial branch (no federal courts) to settle disputes between states.
- Could not tax directly; relied on states for funds, and many states refused to pay.
- No power to regulate interstate or foreign trade, leading to economic problems.
- Required unanimous consent of all 13 states to amend, making change nearly impossible.
- Could not draft soldiers; relied on states to provide troops.
- Each state had one vote in Congress, regardless of size or population, leading to unrepresentative governance.
- No power to enforce laws passed by Congress.

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
Two significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation government were:
1. **The Treaty of Paris (1783)**: The national government, under the Articles, was able to negotiate the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War. This treaty recognized the United States as an independent nation and established its boundaries (for example, it set the western boundary at the Mississippi River, among other provisions).
2. **The Northwest Ordinance of 1787**: This was a major accomplishment. It provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the Northwest Territory (the area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania). It also established a process for territorial governance, and it included a bill of rights for the territories, prohibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, which was an important step in the development of the nation's approach to slavery and territorial expansion.
# Answer:
1. **Treaty of Paris (1783)**: The Articles of Confederation government negotiated this treaty, which ended the American Revolutionary War. It recognized the United States as an independent nation and established its boundaries (e.g., the western boundary was set at the Mississippi River, and it also addressed issues like the return of loyalist property and fishing rights).
2. **Northwest Ordinance of 1787**: This achievement provided a system for governing the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River, west of Pennsylvania) and for admitting new states to the Union from this territory. It established a three - stage process for territorial governance (territorial government, then a representative government, then statehood) and included a bill of rights for the territory, as well as a prohibition on slavery in the Northwest Territory.

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