Question

instructions
read the passage(s) below and answer the question based on what is stated or implied in the passage(s) and in any introductory material that may be provided.
passage
some psychologists believe we need to orient ourselves by local reference points. under this theory, were lost until we see that certain street or certain landmark, at which point the rest of the grid emerges in our minds. others argue that experience is our mental cartographer. this idea suggests that if you cruise around a city enough, you develop a spatial memory that helps you find your way no matter which direction you face; at the same time, if this is true, it should become harder to reach a destination thats farther from your familiar starting point.
a third alternative suggests that our internal gps system is informed by frequently looking at maps. in other words, the more time we spend finding directions on maps, the more our minds may grow familiar with the officially documented outline of a city, rather than the one created through our own experiences.
adapted from eric jaffe, \how our brains navigate the city.\ ©2015 by the atlantic monthly group.
question
which choice most effectively summarizes the passage?
a psychologist describes how people orient themselves by using local points of reference.
three theories about the psychology of spatial orientation are briefly described.
two outdated theories about spatial orientation are dismissed in favor of a new theory.
the author argues that people can best improve their spatial orientation by looking at maps.

Explanation:

The passage presents three different psychological theories regarding spatial orientation - using local reference points, developing a spatial memory, and being informed by looking at maps. It doesn't dismiss any theories as outdated, nor does it argue for one best way to improve spatial orientation. It simply describes the three theories.

Answer:

B. Three theories about the psychology of spatial orientation are briefly described.