Question

macromolecule graphic organizer

biomolecule | carbohydrate | lipid | protein | nucleic acid
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
monomer | monosaccharides | fatty acids and glycerol | | nucleotides
examples | glucose, fructose, pol saccharides, lactose | cholesterol, steroid hormone, phospholipid, triglyceride | |
function | quick energy, building blocks, prebiotic health, brain health, neurons | energy | enzymes, structural support, receptors, signaling, growth, transport |
structure (formula) | | chains of fatty acid and glycerol | amine (n) group, carboxyl (cooh) group |
sources | animal liver, plant stems, fruits, grains | | | raw foods, blood, body fluids, bone material, cultured cells

Answer:

To complete the macromolecule graphic organizer, we analyze each macromolecule (Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein, Nucleic Acid) and fill in the missing details:

1. Carbohydrate

• Monomer: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose).
• Examples: Glucose, fructose, lactose, starch (polysaccharide), glycogen (polysaccharide).
• Function: Quick energy, building blocks (e.g., cellulose in plants), energy storage (e.g., starch, glycogen), structural support (e.g., cellulose in cell walls).
• Structure (Formula): General formula $C_n(H_2O)_n$ (e.g., glucose: $C_6H_{12}O_6$; starch: $(C_6H_{10}O_5)_n$).
• Sources: Animal liver (glycogen), plant stems (cellulose), fruits (fructose), grains (starch).

2. Lipid

• Monomer: Fatty acids and glycerol (triglycerides: 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol; phospholipids: 2 fatty acids + 1 glycerol + phosphate group).
• Examples: Cholesterol, steroid hormones (e.g., estrogen, testosterone), phospholipids (cell membrane), triglycerides (fats, oils).
• Function: Energy storage (long-term), insulation, cell membrane structure (phospholipids), hormone production (steroids).
• Structure (Formula): Triglyceride: $C_{55}H_{104}O_6$ (general); phospholipid: similar to triglyceride but with a phosphate group.
• Sources: Oils (plant), butter (animal), nuts, avocados.

3. Protein

• Monomer: Amino acids (20 common types, each with an amino group, carboxyl group, and unique R-group).
• Examples: Enzymes (e.g., amylase), structural proteins (e.g., collagen), transport proteins (e.g., hemoglobin), signaling proteins (e.g., insulin).
• Function: Enzymes (catalyze reactions), structural support (e.g., collagen in skin), transport (e.g., hemoglobin carries $O_2$), signaling (e.g., hormones), immune defense (e.g., antibodies).
• Structure (Formula): Amino acid: $H_2N-CHR-COOH$; protein: polymer of amino acids (peptide bonds).
• Sources: Meat, eggs, dairy, legumes, nuts.

4. Nucleic Acid

• Monomer: Nucleotides (each has a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base: A, T/U, C, G).
• Examples: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid).
• Function: Store and transmit genetic information (DNA: hereditary material; RNA: protein synthesis, gene regulation).
• Structure (Formula): DNA: double helix, sugar = deoxyribose; RNA: single strand, sugar = ribose. Nucleotide: $C_5H_{10}O_5$ (sugar) + $PO_4^{3-}$ + base.
• Sources: All living cells (DNA in nucleus, RNA in nucleus/cytoplasm), raw foods (contain cells with nucleic acids), body fluids (e.g., blood), bone material, cultured cells.

Final Organizer (Filled):

Biomolecule	Monomer	Examples	Function	Structure (Formula)	Sources
Lipid	Fatty acids + Glycerol	Cholesterol, steroid hormones, phospholipids, triglycerides	Energy storage, insulation, cell membrane, hormone production	Triglyceride: $C_{55}H_{104}O_6$ (general)	Oils, butter, nuts, avocados
Protein	Amino acids	Enzymes, collagen, hemoglobin, insulin	Enzymes, structural support, transport, signaling, immune defense	Amino acid: $H_2N-CHR-COOH$; protein: peptide chains	Meat, eggs, dairy, legumes, nuts
Nucleic Acid	Nucleotides	DNA, RNA	Store/transmit genetic information, protein synthesis	DNA: double helix ($C_5H_{10}O_4$ sugar); RNA: single strand ($C_5H_{10}O_5$ sugar)	Raw foods, blood, body fluids, bone material, cultured cells

This fills in all missing sections of the macromolecule graphic organizer.