Question

1. the main carbon - based product of “prep” is __ ; the carbon - based product of kreb’s cycle is __

a. co₂; pyruvate
b. acetyl - coa; co₂
c. co₂; glucose
d. pyruvate; acetyl - coa
e. pyruvate; co₂

1. some of the requirements for kreb’s cycle are __. these reactions result in the production of __

a. nad⁺, coenzyme a; nadh, co₂
b. adp, nad⁺; atp, nadph
c. nad⁺, fad, oxygen; nadh, fadh₂, atp
d. nad⁺, fad, adp; nadh, fadh₂, atp
e. atp, nadph; adp, nadp⁺

1. what actually makes the reaction happen?

a. coenzyme non - intervention
b. increasing the activation energy
c. the enzyme’s shape change
d. repulsion between the electrons

1. which is the correct order of the processes of glucose breakdown?

a. cac, glycolysis, chemiosmosis, prep, etc
b. glycolysis, prep, cac, etc, chemiosmosis
c. glycolysis, etc, chemiosmosis, prep, cac
d. cac, etc, chemiosmosis, glycolysis, prep
e. etc, cac, glycolysis, prep, chemiosmosis

1. chemiosmosis is the process that uses a __ to make __.

a. electron carrier; co₂
b. electron carrier; atp
c. proton carrier; co₂
d. proton carrier; atp
e. channel protein; co₂
f. channel protein; atp

1. sister chromatids separate in ____.

a. telophase
b. anaphase
c. cytokinesis
d. prophase
e. metaphase

Explanation:

1. In the "prep" reaction (pyruvate oxidation), pyruvate is converted to acetyl - CoA. The main carbon - based product of the Krebs cycle is CO₂ as carbon atoms are released during the cycle reactions.
2. The Krebs cycle requires NAD⁺, FAD, and ADP. During the cycle, NADH, FADH₂, and ATP are produced.
3. Enzymes catalyze reactions by undergoing a shape change (induced - fit model) which lowers the activation energy.
4. The correct order of glucose breakdown is glycolysis (which breaks glucose into pyruvate), prep (pyruvate oxidation), CAC (Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs cycle), ETC (Electron Transport Chain), and chemiosmosis (which uses the proton gradient to make ATP).
5. Chemiosmosis uses a proton gradient (through proton carriers) to make ATP.
6. Sister chromatids separate during anaphase of mitosis or meiosis II, pulling the genetic material to opposite poles of the cell.

Answer:

1. B. Acetyl - CoA; CO₂
2. D. NAD⁺, FAD, ADP; NADH, FADH₂, ATP
3. C. The enzyme’s shape change
4. B. Glycolysis, prep, CAC, ETC, chemiosmosis
5. D. Proton carrier; ATP
6. B. Anaphase