Question

1. the more amino acids an organism has in common, both in type and order, the closer the relationship between organisms. the same is true for nucleotides (the code for dna). compare the biochemical data above. which organism is most closely related to the lizard?
2. why did you choose that organism?
3. which organism is most closely related to the dolphin?
4. why did you choose that organism?
5. how do you think different dna sequences would affect organisms?

chart (table) with organisms (organism, hamster, kangaroo, ..., snake) and their dna/amino acid sequences is present

Explanation:

To solve questions related to cladograms and DNA/amino acid sequences (like the ones in the image), we analyze the similarity of biochemical data (DNA or amino acid sequences) between organisms. The key is to count the number of differences in sequences: fewer differences mean a closer evolutionary relationship.

Question 1 (Which organism is most closely related to the lizard?):

Step 1: Identify the lizard’s sequence.

Locate the row for "Lizard" and note its DNA/amino acid sequence.

Step 2: Compare with other organisms.

Check the sequences of other organisms (e.g., Mouse, Chicken, etc.). Count the number of differences in their DNA or amino acid sequences relative to the lizard.

Step 3: Determine the closest match.

The organism with the fewest differences in sequence is most closely related. For example, if the Chicken’s sequence differs the least from the Lizard’s, the Chicken is most closely related.

Question 2 (Why did you choose that organism?):

The chosen organism has the most similar DNA/amino acid sequence to the lizard (fewest differences). Evolutionarily, similar biochemical sequences suggest a more recent common ancestor, so they are more closely related.

Question 3 (Which organism is most closely related to the dolphin?):

Step 1: Identify the dolphin’s sequence.

Locate the row for "Dolphin" and note its sequence.

Step 2: Compare with other organisms.

Count sequence differences between the dolphin and others (e.g., Human, Cow, etc.).

Step 3: Find the closest.

The organism with the fewest sequence differences is most closely related (e.g., Human, if their sequences are most similar).

Question 4 (Why did you choose that organism?):

The chosen organism shares the most similar DNA/amino acid sequence with the dolphin (fewest differences), indicating a closer evolutionary relationship (more recent common ancestor).

Question 5 (How do different DNA/amino acid sequences affect organisms?):

Differences in DNA sequences lead to differences in amino acid sequences, which change the structure and function of proteins. This can result in:

• Different physical traits (e.g., body structure, enzymes).
• Varied physiological functions (e.g., metabolism, immune response).
• Adaptations to different environments (e.g., camouflage, temperature tolerance).
• Evolutionary divergence (organisms become more distinct over time).

Example Application (Using the Table):

Suppose the Lizard’s DNA sequence is compared to the Chicken’s:

• If their sequences have only 1–2 differences (vs. more with others like Mouse), the Chicken is most closely related.
• This is because fewer mutations (sequence changes) occurred over time, so they share a more recent ancestor.

Final Answers (Generalized):

1. Most closely related to Lizard: Organism with fewest sequence differences (e.g., Chicken).
2. Reason: Fewer DNA/amino acid differences (closer evolutionary relationship).
3. Most closely related to Dolphin: Organism with fewest sequence differences (e.g., Human).
4. Reason: Fewer DNA/amino acid differences (closer evolutionary relationship).
5. Effect: Sequence differences alter proteins, leading to trait/function differences and evolution.

(Note: For precise answers, analyze the specific sequences in the table. The above is a general method.)

Answer:

To solve questions related to cladograms and DNA/amino acid sequences (like the ones in the image), we analyze the similarity of biochemical data (DNA or amino acid sequences) between organisms. The key is to count the number of differences in sequences: fewer differences mean a closer evolutionary relationship.

Question 1 (Which organism is most closely related to the lizard?):

Step 1: Identify the lizard’s sequence.

Locate the row for "Lizard" and note its DNA/amino acid sequence.

Step 2: Compare with other organisms.

Check the sequences of other organisms (e.g., Mouse, Chicken, etc.). Count the number of differences in their DNA or amino acid sequences relative to the lizard.

Step 3: Determine the closest match.

The organism with the fewest differences in sequence is most closely related. For example, if the Chicken’s sequence differs the least from the Lizard’s, the Chicken is most closely related.

Question 2 (Why did you choose that organism?):

The chosen organism has the most similar DNA/amino acid sequence to the lizard (fewest differences). Evolutionarily, similar biochemical sequences suggest a more recent common ancestor, so they are more closely related.

Question 3 (Which organism is most closely related to the dolphin?):

Step 1: Identify the dolphin’s sequence.

Locate the row for "Dolphin" and note its sequence.

Step 2: Compare with other organisms.

Count sequence differences between the dolphin and others (e.g., Human, Cow, etc.).

Step 3: Find the closest.

The organism with the fewest sequence differences is most closely related (e.g., Human, if their sequences are most similar).

Question 4 (Why did you choose that organism?):

The chosen organism shares the most similar DNA/amino acid sequence with the dolphin (fewest differences), indicating a closer evolutionary relationship (more recent common ancestor).

Question 5 (How do different DNA/amino acid sequences affect organisms?):

Differences in DNA sequences lead to differences in amino acid sequences, which change the structure and function of proteins. This can result in:

• Different physical traits (e.g., body structure, enzymes).
• Varied physiological functions (e.g., metabolism, immune response).
• Adaptations to different environments (e.g., camouflage, temperature tolerance).
• Evolutionary divergence (organisms become more distinct over time).

Example Application (Using the Table):

Suppose the Lizard’s DNA sequence is compared to the Chicken’s:

• If their sequences have only 1–2 differences (vs. more with others like Mouse), the Chicken is most closely related.
• This is because fewer mutations (sequence changes) occurred over time, so they share a more recent ancestor.

Final Answers (Generalized):

1. Most closely related to Lizard: Organism with fewest sequence differences (e.g., Chicken).
2. Reason: Fewer DNA/amino acid differences (closer evolutionary relationship).
3. Most closely related to Dolphin: Organism with fewest sequence differences (e.g., Human).
4. Reason: Fewer DNA/amino acid differences (closer evolutionary relationship).
5. Effect: Sequence differences alter proteins, leading to trait/function differences and evolution.

(Note: For precise answers, analyze the specific sequences in the table. The above is a general method.)