Question

multiple choice: completely fill in the circle next to the best answer. do not write in blank spaces. use a number - two pencil only. do not make stray marks on this sheet. 11. focusing attention on the blackboard, the teacher explained the problem. present participle gerund auxiliary verb 12. focusing attention on the blackboard is sometimes a difficult task for a teacher. gerund present participle main verb 13. olivia, born in romania, became a naturalized citizen of the united states. main verb in a clause past participle present participle 14. having been born in romania, she understood the meaning of poverty. perfect participle present participle past participle 15. being a christian, todd could not approve of his classmates’ conduct. present participle gerund perfect participle 16. being a christian sometimes means losing friends. present participle gerund perfect participle 17. being a christian has its own rewards. subject of a dependent clause predicate nominative of a gerund adjective 18. always wanting attention was one of her faults. adverb modifying a gerund adverb modifying a main verb subject of a gerund 19. after running an ad in the paper, we quickly sold our car. gerund used as object of a preposition gerund used as an adjective modifying we gerund used as the direct object of the verb after 20. the singer, inundated with requests, sang two encores. main verb in an adjective clause perfect participle past participle end of test

Explanation:

1. "Focusing" is a present - participle as it modifies the teacher and shows an action happening simultaneously with the main action "explained".
2. "Focusing" here is a gerund as it functions as the subject of the sentence "Focusing attention on the blackboard is...".
3. "born" is a past - participle used to describe Olivia.
4. "Having been born" is a perfect participle indicating an action completed before the main action "understood".
5. "Being" is a present - participle modifying Todd.
6. "Being" is a gerund as it is the subject of the sentence "Being a Christian sometimes means...".
7. "Being" is a gerund and functions as the subject of the sentence "Being a Christian has...".
8. "Always" is an adverb modifying the gerund "wanting".
9. "running" is a gerund used as the object of the preposition "after".
10. "inundated" is a past - participle used to describe the singer.

Answer:

1. Present participle
2. Gerund
3. Past participle
4. Perfect participle
5. Present participle
6. Gerund
7. Subject of a gerund
8. Adverb modifying a gerund
9. Gerund used as object of a preposition
10. Past participle