Question

multiple choice question
why was the shift toward using scientific methods of thinking to examine society so radical?
a. because the scientific revolution was largely considered a failure by rulers currently in power
b. because religion was historically the primary influence on european societal norms
c. because scientific methods had yet to be proven in the 17th and 18th centuries
d. because past societies had tried the same thing and failed many times

Explanation:

Before the rise of scientific thinking in society, European social norms, governance, and understanding of the world were overwhelmingly shaped by religious doctrine and authority. Shifting to scientific methods (empirical observation, rational analysis) challenged this long-standing, deeply entrenched religious foundation, making the change radical. Option A is incorrect because the Scientific Revolution was not seen as a failure by rulers; in fact, some embraced its advancements. Option C is wrong because scientific methods were already demonstrating success in fields like physics and astronomy during the 17th-18th centuries. Option D is incorrect as there was no widespread prior attempt at applying scientific methods to examine society on this scale.

Answer:

B. Because religion was historically the primary influence on European societal norms