Question

name date class guided reading activity 7 - 1 europe in crisis: the wars of religion directions: answer the following questions as you read section 1. 1. what was the chief cause of religious wars that plagued europe in the sixteenth century? 2. who were the huguenots? 3. what issues besides religion played a role in the french civil wars? 4. what event brought the french wars of religion to an end? 5. how did philip ii strengthen his control over spain? 6. how did spain see itself, based on its catholic heritage? 7. what happened when philip tried to crush calvinism in the netherlands? 8. why has the seventeenth century been called the golden age of the dutch republic? 9. what two notable things happened during the reign of elizabeth tudor? 10. what did philip ii believe would happen if spanish forces invaded england?

Explanation:

1. The chief cause was the religious - sectarian divide between Catholics and Protestants as the Protestant Reformation spread.
2. The Huguenots were French Protestants, mainly Calvinists.
3. Political power struggles among noble factions and economic interests also played roles in the French civil wars.
4. The Edict of Nantes in 1598 brought an end to the French Wars of Religion, granting certain rights to the Huguenots.
5. Philip II strengthened his control over Spain by centralizing the government, increasing royal power, and using the Inquisition to enforce religious orthodoxy.
6. Spain saw itself as a defender of the Catholic faith, a 'bulwark' against Protestantism.
7. When Philip tried to crush Calvinism in the Netherlands, it led to a long - lasting Dutch Revolt and eventually the independence of the Dutch Republic.
8. The seventeenth century was the golden age of the Dutch Republic due to its economic prosperity (especially in trade and finance), cultural achievements (like Dutch painting), and political stability.
9. During Elizabeth Tudor's reign, England defeated the Spanish Armada and there was a flourishing of English literature (the Elizabethan era of Shakespeare, etc.).
10. Philip II believed that if Spanish forces invaded England, he could overthrow Elizabeth I, a Protestant, and restore Catholicism in England.

Answer:

1. The religious - sectarian divide between Catholics and Protestants due to the Protestant Reformation.
2. French Protestants, mainly Calvinists.
3. Political power struggles among noble factions and economic interests.
4. The Edict of Nantes in 1598.
5. By centralizing the government, increasing royal power, and using the Inquisition to enforce religious orthodoxy.
6. As a defender of the Catholic faith.
7. It led to the Dutch Revolt and eventually Dutch independence.
8. Due to economic prosperity, cultural achievements, and political stability.
9. Defeat of the Spanish Armada and a flourishing of English literature.
10. He could overthrow Elizabeth I and restore Catholicism in England.