name denard kelly period 7th pd quiz - methods of research 1. what are three disadvantages of case studies? 1. 2. 3. 2. what are two different ways surveys are conducted? 3. what does this comic strip suggest about surveys? 4. what is the difference between a random sample and a stratified sample? 5. suppose you wanted to find out what percentage of upper class western high students own cars? you decided to do a stratified sample based on the junior and senior population at school. there are 800 seniors and 1,200 junior at western for a total of 2000 students. how many juniors and seniors would you survey if you were to take a sample of 100 students. hint - this requires a little math - first figure out the percentages of each subgroup to the total number of upper class students. 6. one psychological study investigated whether intelligence declines with age. experimenters took subjects from different age groups, running from late childhood through old age, administered iq tests to each age group and then looked how the results changed from one age group to another. what observation method did researchers use in this study? 7. some time later, researcher chose to study whether intelligence declines with age using a different method. in this study, they chose to study a group of people over a period of decades, administering iq tests every few years. what type of observation method did researchers use in this case?

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Accepted Answer

### Question 1:
# Brief Explanations:
Case studies have limitations. First, results are hard to generalize as they focus on a single (or few) cases. Second, they are time - consuming and resource - intensive to conduct. Third, researcher bias can influence the interpretation of the case, and there may be issues with the reliability of the data collected from a single case.
# Answer:
1. Results are difficult to generalize to a larger population.
2. They are time - consuming and resource - intensive.
3. Researcher bias can affect the interpretation, and data reliability from a single case can be an issue.

### Question 2:
# Brief Explanations:
Surveys can be conducted in different ways. One common way is through questionnaires, which can be distributed in person, via mail, or online. Another way is through interviews, which can be face - to - face or over the phone, where the interviewer asks the questions to the respondents.
# Answer:
1. Through questionnaires (distributed in person, via mail, or online).
2. Through interviews (face - to - face or over the phone).

### Question 3:
# Brief Explanations:
The "Calvin and Hobbes" comic strip (even though the specific strip content isn't fully visible here, generally in such contexts) often suggests that surveys can be influenced by how the questions are asked (question wording effect), or that people may not answer truthfully, or that the sample of people surveyed may be unrepresentative (e.g., if Calvin is surveying a very small or biased group like his friends or family). It may also imply that surveys can be manipulated or that the results can be misleading if the survey design is poor.
# Answer:
It may suggest that surveys can be affected by factors like question wording, unrepresentative samples, or untruthful responses, leading to potentially misleading results. (The exact answer would depend on the specific comic strip content, but this is a general interpretation for such survey - related comic strips in research methods context.)

### Question 4:
# Brief Explanations:
A random sample is a sample where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. For example, using a random number generator to select participants from a list of the entire population. A stratified sample involves dividing the population into distinct subgroups (strata) based on certain characteristics (like age, gender, income level), and then taking a random sample from each of these strata. The goal of stratified sampling is to ensure that each subgroup is represented in the sample.
# Answer:
A random sample gives every population member an equal chance of selection. A stratified sample divides the population into subgroups (strata) and takes random samples from each stratum to ensure subgroup representation.

### Question 5:
# Explanation:
## Step 1: Calculate the percentage of seniors
The total number of upper - class students is $800 + 1200=2000$. The percentage of seniors is $\frac{800}{2000}\times100\% = 40\%$.
## Step 2: Calculate the percentage of juniors
The percentage of juniors is $\frac{1200}{2000}\times100\%=60\%$.
## Step 3: Calculate the number of seniors to survey
We are taking a sample of 100 students. The number of seniors in the sample is $40\%$ of $100$, which is $0.4\times100 = 40$.
## Step 4: Calculate the number of juniors to survey
The number of juniors in the sample is $60\%$ of $100$, which is $0.6\times100 = 60$.
# Answer:
We would survey 40 seniors and 60 juniors.

### Question 6:
# Brief Explanations:
In this study, the researchers are looking at different age groups at the same time. This is a cross - sectional study. A cross - sectional study involves collecting data from different groups (in this case, different age groups) at a single point in time to compare them. Here, they took subjects from different age groups (late childhood to old age) and administered IQ tests to each group to see how intelligence changes with age across these groups at one time.
# Answer:
The researchers used a cross - sectional observation method.

### Question 7:
# Brief Explanations:
In this study, the researchers are studying the same group of people over a long period of time (decades), and administering IQ tests every few years. This is a longitudinal study. A longitudinal study follows the same group of individuals over time to observe changes (in this case, changes in intelligence with age as the same group ages).
# Answer:
The researchers used a longitudinal observation method.

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