part 3: comprehension questions
answer the questions below in complete sentences.
11. why was the central government weak under the articles of confederation?
hint: look for what the government could not do, such as having a president or court system. (see page 152 - 153)

12. what was the \great compromise\ during the constitutional convention?
hint: it solved the argument between big states and small states about how many representatives they would have in congress. (see page 165)

13. how did the hree - fifths compromise\ settle the debate over counting slaves?
hint: think about how this affected the number of representatives southern states got. (see page 166)

14. what is the purpose of \checks and balances\?
hint: think about the three branches (legislative, executive, judicial) stopping each other from getting too powerful. (see page 167)

15. what were the \federalist papers\?
hint: these were essays written by men like james madison. what were they trying to convince people to do? (see page 171 - 172)

Question

part 3: comprehension questions
answer the questions below in complete sentences.
11. why was the central government weak under the articles of confederation?
    hint: look for what the government could not do, such as having a president or court system. (see page 152 - 153)

12. what was the \great compromise\ during the constitutional convention?
    hint: it solved the argument between big states and small states about how many representatives they would have in congress. (see page 165)

13. how did the 	hree - fifths compromise\ settle the debate over counting slaves?
    hint: think about how this affected the number of representatives southern states got. (see page 166)

14. what is the purpose of \checks and balances\?
    hint: think about the three branches (legislative, executive, judicial) stopping each other from getting too powerful. (see page 167)

15. what were the \federalist papers\?
    hint: these were essays written by men like james madison. what were they trying to convince people to do? (see page 171 - 172)

Accepted Answer

### Question 11
# Brief Explanations:
Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government was weak because it lacked key powers. It had no president (executive branch) or national court system (judicial branch). It couldn’t tax, regulate interstate commerce, or enforce laws effectively. States held most power, and the central government relied on states for funding and compliance, leading to inefficiency and disunity.
# Answer:
The central government was weak under the Articles of Confederation because it lacked a president (executive authority), a national court system (judicial authority), the power to tax, the ability to regulate interstate commerce, and the means to enforce laws. States retained most governing power, and the central government depended on states for resources and compliance, resulting in limited authority and inefficiency.

### Question 12
# Brief Explanations:
The “Great Compromise” (or Connecticut Compromise) during the Constitutional Convention resolved the dispute between large and small states over congressional representation. It established a bicameral legislature: the Senate, with equal representation (2 senators per state, favoring small states), and the House of Representatives, with representation based on state population (favoring large states). This balanced the interests of both large and small states.
# Answer:
The “Great Compromise” during the Constitutional Convention was an agreement that created a bicameral legislature. The Senate gave each state equal representation (2 senators per state), satisfying small states, while the House of Representatives provided representation based on state population, satisfying large states. This resolved the debate over how many representatives each state would have in Congress.

### Question 13
# Brief Explanations:
The “Three - Fifths Compromise” settled the debate over counting slaves for representation and taxation by agreeing that three - fifths of a state’s slave population would be counted. Southern states (with many slaves) wanted slaves fully counted for more representatives, while Northern states opposed this. The compromise allowed Southern states to increase their representation in the House (and related taxation) by counting a portion of their slave population, while Northern states accepted a partial count to resolve the dispute.
# Answer:
The “Three - Fifths Compromise” settled the debate over counting slaves by determining that three - fifths of a state’s slave population would be counted for the purposes of both apportioning representatives in the House of Representatives and levying direct taxes. This gave Southern states (with large slave populations) more representation (and corresponding tax obligations) than if slaves were not counted, while Northern states accepted a partial count to resolve the disagreement.

### Question 14
# Brief Explanations:
The purpose of “Checks and Balances” is to prevent any of the three branches of government (Legislative, Executive, Judicial) from becoming too powerful. Each branch has powers to limit or “check” the actions of the other branches. For example, the President (Executive) can veto laws from Congress (Legislative), Congress can override a veto, and the courts (Judicial) can declare laws unconstitutional. This system ensures a balance of power and protects against tyranny.
# Answer:
The purpose of “Checks and Balances” is to prevent any single branch of government (Legislative, Executive, or Judicial) from gaining excessive power. Each branch has the ability to limit the actions of the other branches (e.g., the President can veto congressional legislation, Congress can override a veto, and the courts can declare laws unconstitutional), ensuring a balance of power and safeguarding against tyranny.

### Question 15
# Brief Explanations:
The “Federalist Papers” were a series of essays (written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, under the pseudonym “Publius”) published to convince people to support the ratification of the United States Constitution. These essays explained the principles of the Constitution, defended its structure (including separation of powers and federalism), and addressed concerns about the new government, aiming to build public support for adopting the Constitution.
# Answer:
The “Federalist Papers” were a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay (using the pseudonym “Publius”). Their purpose was to persuade the public, especially in New York, to ratify the United States Constitution. The essays explained the Constitution’s principles (like federalism and separation of powers), defended its structure, and addressed concerns about the new government to build support for its adoption.

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