part iii: use the cladogram to answer the questions.
lancelet (outgroup) lamprey tuna salamander turtle leopard
hair
amniotic egg
four walking legs
jaws
vertebral column
1. what trait separates lampreys from tuna?
2. what separates a salamander from a turtle?
3. which organism is considered the oldest?
4. how do you know it is the oldest?

Question

part iii: use the cladogram to answer the questions.
lancelet (outgroup)  lamprey  tuna  salamander  turtle  leopard
hair
amniotic egg
four walking legs
jaws
vertebral column
1. what trait separates lampreys from tuna?
2. what separates a salamander from a turtle?
3. which organism is considered the oldest?
4. how do you know it is the oldest?

Accepted Answer

### Question 1: What trait separates lampreys from tuna?
# Brief Explanations:
To determine the trait separating lampreys and tuna, we analyze the cladogram. Lampreys branch off before the "Jaws" trait, while tuna are on the branch with "Jaws". So the presence of jaws is the trait that separates them (lampreys lack jaws, tuna have them).
# Answer: Jaws (Lampreys lack jaws, tuna possess jaws, as indicated by the cladogram where tuna is on the branch with the "Jaws" trait and lampreys are not).

### Question 2: What separates a salamander from a turtle?
# Brief Explanations:
Looking at the cladogram, salamanders branch off before the "Amniotic egg" trait, and turtles are on the branch with "Amniotic egg". So the amniotic egg is the trait: salamanders (amphibians) have non - amniotic eggs, turtles (reptiles) have amniotic eggs.
# Answer: Amniotic egg (Salamanders do not have amniotic eggs, turtles do, as shown by the cladogram where turtles are on the branch with the "Amniotic egg" trait and salamanders are not).

### Question 3: Which organism is considered the oldest?
# Brief Explanations:
In a cladogram, the outgroup is the most distantly related and represents the oldest lineage among the organisms shown. Here, the Lancelet is the outgroup, so it is considered the oldest.
# Answer: Lancelet (It is the outgroup in the cladogram, and outgroups represent the oldest lineage among the depicted organisms as they are the most distantly related to the other groups).

### Question 4: How do you know it is the oldest?
# Brief Explanations:
In cladistics, the outgroup is a group that is closely related to the ingroup (the main group of organisms being studied) but diverged earlier. The Lancelet is labeled as the outgroup, meaning it diverged from the common ancestor of the other organisms (lamprey, tuna, etc.) first. So its position as the outgroup (branching off first before the other traits like vertebral column appear in the ingroup lineages) indicates it is the oldest.
# Answer: The Lancelet is the outgroup. In a cladogram, the outgroup diverged from the common ancestor of the other organisms (the ingroup) earliest. The Lancelet branches off first, before traits like the vertebral column (which is a trait of the ingroup lineages) appear, so it is the oldest.

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Question

Explanation:

Question 1: What trait separates lampreys from tuna?

Answer:

Question 2: What separates a salamander from a turtle?