3. this pedigree shows the inheritance of tay - sachs in a family. tay - sachs is a recessive disorder that causes cells to be unable to break down waste products. these wastes build up in brain cells and cause damage and eventual death. fill out the genotypes of each of the family members.
tt = normal
tt = carrier
tt = disease

4. this pedigree shows the inheritance of cystic fibrosis in a family. this disease causes mucus to build up in the lungs, leading to breathing difficulty and infections
ff =
ff =
ff =
fill out the genotypes of each of the family members.
add to the chart to show the youngest male (4th) generation marrying and having a child with cf.

5. this pedigree shows the inheritance of sickle cell disease (recessive). fill out the genotypes of the family.
aa = normal
aa = carrier
aa = sickle cell disease

Question

3. this pedigree shows the inheritance of tay - sachs in a family. tay - sachs is a recessive disorder that causes cells to be unable to break down waste products. these wastes build up in brain cells and cause damage and eventual death. fill out the genotypes of each of the family members.
tt = normal
tt = carrier
tt = disease

4. this pedigree shows the inheritance of cystic fibrosis in a family. this disease causes mucus to build up in the lungs, leading to breathing difficulty and infections
ff =
ff =
ff =
fill out the genotypes of each of the family members.
add to the chart to show the youngest male (4th) generation marrying and having a child with cf.

5. this pedigree shows the inheritance of sickle cell disease (recessive). fill out the genotypes of the family.
aa = normal
aa = carrier
aa = sickle cell disease

Accepted Answer

### Question 4 (Cystic Fibrosis Pedigree)
#### Step 1: Define Genotypes
Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder. So:
- $ FF $: Normal (homozygous dominant, no disease alleles)
- $ Ff $: Carrier (heterozygous, has one disease allele but does not show symptoms)
- $ ff $: Disease (homozygous recessive, has two disease alleles and shows symptoms)

#### Step 2: Analyze Pedigree (General Approach for Filling Genotypes)
1. **Affected Individuals (Filled Symbols)**: Must be $ ff $ (since recessive, need two recessive alleles).
2. **Parents of Affected Individuals**: If a child is $ ff $, both parents must contribute an $ f $ allele. So parents of an affected child are either $ Ff $ (carrier) or $ ff $ (affected). But if parents are not affected, they must be $ Ff $ (because they don't show the disease, so can't be $ ff $, but they passed on an $ f $ to the affected child).
3. **Unaffected Individuals with Affected Relatives**: If an individual is unaffected but has an affected sibling/child, they may be $ Ff $ (carrier) or $ FF $ (normal). But if their parents are carriers ($ Ff $), they could be $ FF $ (25% chance), $ Ff $ (50% chance), or $ ff $ (25% chance, but $ ff $ would be affected).

#### Step 3: Example Genotype Filling (Using the Pedigree Structure)
- **First Generation (Top)**: The couple (circle and square) have an affected daughter (filled circle). So the parents must be $ Ff $ (since they are unaffected but have an affected child).
- **Second Generation**: The affected male (filled square) is $ ff $. His parents (from first generation) are $ Ff $ and $ Ff $ (as above). His siblings: the unaffected circles and squares could be $ FF $ or $ Ff $, but since their parents are $ Ff $, they have a chance to be carriers.
- **Third Generation**: The affected male (filled square) has a mother who is $ Ff $ (from second generation, unaffected) and father who is $ ff $ (affected). So the mother (unaffected) must be $ Ff $ (to pass $ f $ to the $ ff $ child). The affected female (filled circle) in the third generation: her parents are both $ Ff $ (since they are unaffected but have an affected child).
- **Fourth Generation**: The youngest male (unaffected square) in the 4th generation: if he marries and has a child with CF ($ ff $), his wife must be at least a carrier ($ Ff $) or affected ($ ff $). If he is a carrier ($ Ff $) and marries a carrier ($ Ff $), there is a 25% chance of an $ ff $ child. If he is $ FF $, he can't have an $ ff $ child (since he can only pass $ F $). So to have a child with CF, he must be $ Ff $ (carrier) and his spouse must be $ Ff $ or $ ff $.

### Question 3 (Tay - Sachs Pedigree)
#### Step 1: Recall Tay - Sachs is Recessive
- $ TT $: Normal
- $ Tt $: Carrier
- $ tt $: Disease (affected)

#### Step 2: Analyze Pedigree
1. **Affected Individuals (Filled Symbols)**: $ tt $
2. **Parents of Affected Individuals**: If a child is $ tt $, parents must be $ Tt $ (if parents are unaffected) or $ tt $ (if affected). For example, the first affected female (filled circle) has parents who are $ Tt $ (unaffected, since they are open symbols).
3. **Siblings of Affected Individuals**: The unaffected brother of the first affected female: since parents are $ Tt $ and $ Tt $, he could be $ TT $ or $ Tt $ (25% $ TT $, 50% $ Tt $, 25% $ tt $; but $ tt $ would be affected, so he is $ TT $ or $ Tt $).
4. **Subsequent Generations**: The two affected males in the third generation: their parents are $ Tt $ (father, from second generation, unaffected) and $ Tt $ (mother, from second generation, unaffected). So the parents are carriers ($ Tt $) and the affected children are $ tt $. The unaffected sister of these two males: could be $ TT $ or $ Tt $.

### Question 5 (Sickle Cell Disease Pedigree)
#### Step 1: Recall Sickle Cell is Recessive
- $ AA $: Normal
- $ Aa $: Carrier
- $ aa $: Sickle cell disease (affected)

#### Step 2: Analyze Pedigree
1. **Affected Individuals (Filled Symbols)**: $ aa $
2. **Parents of Affected Individuals**: If a child is $ aa $, parents must contribute an $ a $ allele. So parents are either $ Aa $ (carrier) or $ aa $ (affected). For example, the affected female in the bottom left (filled circle) has parents who are $ AA $ (father, open square) and $ Aa $ (mother, open circle with a tint? Wait, the mother's symbol: if the child is $ aa $, the mother must be $ Aa $ (since father is $ AA $, he can only pass $ A $, so mother must pass $ a $, so mother is $ Aa $).
3. **Siblings and Relatives**: The affected males (filled squares) in the pedigree: their parents (top couple: open square and filled circle). The filled circle mother is $ aa $ (affected), and the father is $ Aa $ (since he is unaffected but has affected children). So the affected sons get $ a $ from mother and $ a $ from father? Wait, no: if mother is $ aa $ (gives $ a $) and father is $ Aa $ (gives $ A $ or $ a $), then affected children ( $ aa $) must get $ a $ from father, so father is $ Aa $ (passes $ a $). The unaffected siblings (open circles) from this couple: get $ A $ from father and $ a $ from mother, so they are $ Aa $ (carriers).

### Final Answers (Genotype Definitions for Question 4)
- $ FF $: Normal
- $ Ff $: Carrier
- $ ff $: Disease

For filling the genotypes of family members (detailed for each symbol would require step - by - step analysis of each individual in the pedigree, but the key genotype definitions are as above).

### Answer (Question 4 Genotype Definitions)
$ FF $: Normal; $ Ff $: Carrier; $ ff $: Disease

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QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

Question 4 (Cystic Fibrosis Pedigree)

Step 1: Define Genotypes

Step 2: Analyze Pedigree (General Approach for Filling Genotypes)

Step 3: Example Genotype Filling (Using the Pedigree Structure)

Question 3 (Tay - Sachs Pedigree)

Step 1: Recall Tay - Sachs is Recessive

Step 2: Analyze Pedigree

Answer: