Question

question 4
0.25 pts
dr. morale collects some survey data and finds a significant association between volunteering and empathy. however, a student wonders whether teens who are more empathetic are simply more likely to volunteer. this type of alternative explanation is known as ___________, and it challenges the ___________ needed to establish causality.

o common cause; time order

o reverse causation; association

o common cause; association

o reverse causation; time order

Explanation:

The alternative explanation proposes that the direction of the relationship is flipped: empathy causes volunteering, not the other way around. This is reverse causation. To establish causality, one key criterion is time order (the cause must occur before the effect); this explanation challenges whether volunteering (the supposed cause) actually comes before empathy (the supposed effect).

Answer:

reverse causation; time order