reflection questions: look at the class model to help you answer these questions.
1. dna is which macromolecule?
2. what is the monomer of this macromolecule?
3. what are the three parts of this monomer?
4. name the different types of this monomer that make up dna.
5. what is the same about the different molecules you listed in #4? what makes them different?
6. what types of bonds hold the dna model together that we made? list them, what they hold together, and if they are strong or weak.
7. what patterns do you see in the dna molecule?
8. if we had done this same model but made rna, what would have been the same? in what ways would the model need to be different to reflect the structure of rna?

Question

Accepted Answer

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
DNA is a type of nucleic acid, which is a macromolecule. Nucleic acids are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.
# Answer:
Nucleic acid

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
The monomer (building block) of nucleic acids (like DNA) is the nucleotide. Monomers are the small units that combine to form polymers (macromolecules).
# Answer:
Nucleotide

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
A nucleotide, the monomer of DNA, has three parts: a 5 - carbon sugar (deoxyribose for DNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen - containing base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine).
# Answer:
A 5 - carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen - containing base

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
The nucleotides that make up DNA are differentiated by their nitrogen - containing bases. The four types are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
# Answer:
Adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G)

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
- **Same**: All DNA nucleotides have the same deoxyribose sugar and the same phosphate group. These two components form the "backbone" part of the nucleotide structure that is common among them.
- **Different**: They differ in their nitrogen - containing bases. Adenine and guanine are purines (double - ringed structures), while thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines (single - ringed structures). Also, the specific base (A, T, C, or G) is unique to each nucleotide type.
# Answer:
- Same: All have deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group.
- Different: Differ in nitrogen - containing bases (A, T, C, G; purines vs. pyrimidines).

### Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
- **Covalent bonds**: These are strong bonds. They hold the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of the next nucleotide, forming the sugar - phosphate backbone of the DNA strand.
- **Hydrogen bonds**: These are weak bonds. They hold the nitrogen - containing bases of complementary nucleotides together (e.g., A - T and C - G) across the two DNA strands.
# Answer:
- Covalent bonds (strong): Hold sugar and phosphate together (sugar - phosphate backbone).
- Hydrogen bonds (weak): Hold complementary nitrogen - containing bases together (across DNA strands).

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
- **Double - helix structure**: DNA has a twisted ladder - like (double - helix) shape. The two strands run in opposite (antiparallel) directions.
- **Base - pairing pattern**: Adenine always pairs with thymine (A - T) and cytosine always pairs with guanine (C - G). This is called complementary base pairing.
- **Sugar - phosphate backbone**: The outer part of the DNA molecule consists of alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups, forming a consistent "backbone" structure.
# Answer:
- Double - helix (twisted ladder) shape, antiparallel strands.
- Complementary base pairing (A - T, C - G).
- Alternating sugar (deoxyribose) - phosphate backbone.

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
- **Same**: RNA, like DNA, is a nucleic acid made of nucleotides. So the nucleotides would still have a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen - containing base (though the base uracil replaces thymine in RNA). The general monomer structure (nucleotide with sugar, phosphate, base) is similar.
- **Different**:
    - **Sugar**: RNA has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose (DNA has deoxyribose).
    - **Base**: RNA has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T). So in RNA, adenine pairs with uracil (A - U) instead of A - T.
    - **Structure**: RNA is usually single - stranded, while DNA is double - stranded (double - helix). So the model for RNA would be a single strand, whereas DNA is a double - helix (two strands) model.
# Answer:
- **Same**: Made of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, base structure).
- **Different**:
    - Sugar: Ribose (RNA) vs. deoxyribose (DNA).
    - Base: Uracil (U) in RNA, thymine (T) in DNA (A - U in RNA, A - T in DNA).
    - Structure: RNA is single - stranded, DNA is double - stranded (double - helix).

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