Question

review it! select the statement(s) that accurately describe what can cause scientific knowledge to change. collegial argument newly discovered evidence people who oppose new ideas newly proposed ideas debate among scientists

Explanation:

To determine what causes scientific knowledge to change, we analyze each option:

• collegial argument: Scientific progress often involves discussions and debates among peers to refine ideas, so this can lead to knowledge change.
• newly discovered evidence: New evidence can contradict or expand on existing theories, driving changes in scientific knowledge.
• people who oppose new ideas: Opposition alone doesn't cause knowledge change; it's the evaluation of ideas against evidence that matters.
• newly proposed ideas: New ideas, when tested and supported, can change knowledge, but they need scrutiny.
• debate among scientists: Debates help in critically evaluating ideas, leading to revisions in scientific knowledge.

However, the most direct causes related to the evolution of scientific knowledge are newly discovered evidence (as it provides empirical basis for change), newly proposed ideas (as novel concepts can reshape understanding), and debate among scientists (as critical discussion refines knowledge). But typically, newly discovered evidence is a key driver as it's empirical. Also, debate among scientists and newly proposed ideas play roles. But in standard scientific process, newly discovered evidence, newly proposed ideas, and debate among scientists are valid. Wait, but let's re - check:

• Collegial argument: Constructive arguments among colleagues can lead to better understanding and thus knowledge change.
• Newly discovered evidence: This is a primary driver as it can falsify or support theories, leading to knowledge update.
• People who oppose new ideas: This is more about resistance, not a cause of change (change comes from evidence/ideas/debate, not just opposition).
• Newly proposed ideas: New hypotheses or theories can initiate changes in knowledge when they are tested.
• Debate among scientists: Critical evaluation through debate helps in validating or rejecting ideas, leading to knowledge change.

So the correct options are collegial argument, newly discovered evidence, newly proposed ideas, debate among scientists. Wait, but maybe the intended ones are newly discovered evidence, newly proposed ideas, and debate among scientists. Let's confirm:

Scientific knowledge changes due to:

1. Newly discovered evidence: When new data from experiments/observations is found, it can modify existing theories. For example, the discovery of DNA structure changed biological knowledge.
2. Newly proposed ideas: New theories or hypotheses (like the theory of plate tectonics) can revolutionize a field.
3. Debate among scientists: Through peer review and discussion, errors are identified, and ideas are refined.
4. Collegial argument: Similar to debate, constructive arguments among scientists help in improving knowledge.

The option "people who oppose new ideas" is not a cause of scientific knowledge change, as opposition without valid reasoning or evidence doesn't drive change.

Answer:

• collegial argument
• newly discovered evidence
• newly proposed ideas
• debate among scientists