Question

sampling error refers to
differences from one sample to another and from the population parame
differences of the sample to the population parameter
differences from one sample to another
differences from participants to the samples

Explanation:

Sampling error is the error that occurs because a sample is used to estimate a population parameter. It is the difference between the sample statistic (e.g., sample mean) and the population parameter (e.g., population mean). The first option seems cut - off, the third option is about differences between samples (which is sampling variability), the fourth option is not a correct description of sampling error. The second option, "differences of the sample to the population parameter", correctly defines sampling error as the discrepancy between the sample - based estimate and the true population parameter.

Answer:

B. differences of the sample to the population parameter (assuming the options are labeled A, B, C, D with the first option as A, second as B, third as C, fourth as D)