Question

at the turn of the 20th century, many u.s. cities were run by collections of self - serving political machines. these organizations controlled access to political power by rigging votes, buying peoples loyalty—and their ballots. - bureau of international information programs, u.s. department of state, share.america.gov (accessed october 17, 2018) what was one additional way that urban political machines \controlled access to political power\? a by lobbying to introduce literacy tests b by requiring candidates to pass civil service exams c by introducing referendum and recall elections d by securing jobs and contracts for supporters

Explanation:

Urban political machines used patronage. They secured jobs and contracts for supporters in exchange for loyalty and political support, thus controlling access to political power. Literacy tests were used more for voter - suppression in a broader context, not a main tool of urban political machines. Civil service exams were part of reforms against political machines. Referendum and recall elections were democratic reforms, not tools of political machines.

Answer:

D. By securing jobs and contracts for supporters