Question

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1. identify the strongest correlation:

-0.45
+0.45
+0.25
-0.60

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1. correlational research is limited in that

a variable that has not been measured may affect the relationship between variables.
it cannot establish causality.
correlations can be illusory.
all of these are limitations to correlational research.

Explanation:

Question 1

Step1: Recall correlation strength rule

The strength of a correlation is determined by the absolute value of the correlation coefficient. Larger absolute values mean stronger correlations.

Step2: Calculate absolute values

• \(|-0.45| = 0.45\)
• \(|+0.45| = 0.45\)
• \(|+0.25| = 0.25\)
• \(|-0.60| = 0.60\)

Step3: Compare absolute values

\(0.60\) (from \(-0.60\)) is larger than \(0.45\) and \(0.25\). So \(-0.60\) has the strongest correlation.

• Unmeasured variables can confound relationships, correlational research can’t prove causality, and illusory correlations exist. So all listed are limitations of correlational research.

Answer:

-0.60

Question 2